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CONTAINING 

ANALYSIS, IHDUCTIOH, IWVOCATIOHS 

AND 

GEM QUOTATIONS 

FROM THE 

Writings of Lemuel and Emma L. Borden, 
1876. 



Theophilanthropy and Self-Development, 




Ifc is to love all thought and labor, 
It is to love and be a neighbor, 
It is to love the present good 
Of human life's vicissitude,— 
That we, with loving words and real 
On joy now paint our loved ideal. 



■o— I 



SEVEJtf ESSAYS on Health, Education, (Religion, 
Culture, Labor, Life and Youth. 



O read in this scroll 
The fires of my soul ! 
Drink fountains of thought 
And live as you ought. 
Live, live in the light 
And never abuse 
The powers we use, 
O angel in white! 



SEVEN POEMS of Love and Life, Sages and Ages, Hymn 
to the Greek Goddess of Wisdom and to 
the American Goddess of Liberty. 



PAMPHLETS. 



BY 



LEMUEL BOKDEK. 



If e'er the sacred poem that hath made 
Both heaven and earth copartners in its toil. 
And with lean abstinence through many a 

year, 
Eaded my brow,- be destined to prevail 
Over the cruelty, which bars me forth, 
Of the fair sheepfold, where, a sleeping lamb, 
The wolves set on and fain had worried me; 
With other voice, and fleece of other grain, 
I shall forthwith return, and standing up 
At my baptismal font, shall claim the wreath 
Due to the poet's temples. 

Dante's Vision. Paradise, Canto xxv* 
See the whole vision be made manifest. 
And let them wince whose withers have been 

wrung. 
What, though, when tasted first, thy word 

shall prove 
Unwelcome: on digestion it will turn 
To vital nourishment. The cry thou raisest, 
Shall, as the wind doth, smite the proudest 

summits: 
Which is of honor no light argument. 

Id. Id. Canto xvil. 



&&/9 




1887, 



LIST OF PAMPHLETS. 

Prospectus, 5 pages, published 1876, contain- 
ing list of pieces since published, unpublished 
pieces, and a short poem not published else- 
where — "The Christian Home and State." 

Essays and Poems, 11 pages. Essays copy- 
righted in 1872: Health, Education, Beligion, 
Culture, Labor, Life — each chapter condensed 
into a -sentence and the chapters destroyed; 
Poems copyrighted in 1883: Love and Life, 
Hymn to Wisdom and Liberty, E Pluribus 
Uaum, Aurora Victora, A Thinker's Workshop, 
From Youth to Life. 

Student and Tribune, Vol. v., Essays, 42 pa- 
ges: — Government: Methods of Study, "The 
Majesty of the People", Subjection of Wom- 
en, Temperance, Puritanism, Strikes, The 
Curse of the Age, Is there a Remedy?, "The 
Best Government the World ever Saw", Law 
for Man and Law for Thing; — "Law": a syn- 
opsis including its sources, definitions, divis- 
ions, practice theory; — Education: Axioms, 
What is Teaching?, Common School Idolatry, 
Examination of Teachers, School Money, Teach- 
ers and Teaching, Teachers and Superintend- 
ents; — A Freeman's Apprenticeship — Leaf- 
lets from a notebook containing thoughts on 
education, labor, philosophy, religion and lit- 
erature;- Leaflets, continued;- Wauderings 
and Wonderings;- An Open Letter to Subscri- 
bers to "The Tribune of The People";- Extracts 
from Tribune, vol. ii.;- A View of The Situa- 
tion;- Scrawls from the walls of a thinker's 
workshop. Poems; 12 pages. 

A number of "Tribune" vols i. to iv., from 
4 to 32 pages. 

A Student of English Literature, to contain 
about 25 pages. 



Lemuel Borden, Attorney/ at Ixiw, 
Woodstock, Shenandoah County, Virginia, 
Began practice in 1878. Collections, a special- 
ty, and money collected promptly paid over. 
Deeds &c, written. Titles to lands examined. 
Written opinions furnisbecj . Verbal advice 
given. Just claims carefully and energetically 
litigated, and the litigation of unjust claims as 
carefully and energetically hindered or opposed, 
wheu occasions offer. Prompt attention paid 
to Business. Small fees in cash preferred to 
larger ones in promises. Business and Bu 
ness Correspondence solicited. All letters re- 
quiring answers, answered immediately. 



! 






E. PLXIRIBUS UNUM, AN ELEGY, 
A Rhapsody, Aurora Victora. 

i 

Tis a holy ambition makes honorable man ; 

A man don't steal and lie like the rest of the clan ; 

Then your life has been bliss and you know you 

are young ; 
'Tis not well to seek beauty if you are not strong. 

TWO POEMS — A Thinker's Workshop, and from Youth to 
Life. 

LEBANA, — Containing a Summary of Principles, The Draw* 
ings and Specifications of a Home of Progress, 
and a statement of some of its Desiderata. 

HUMANE LAWS,— 1. 2. 3. 

LOGOS; Oil THE LIVING PAST: AN ENCYCLOPEDIA. 

O 

Some Statues, Columns and Stones from the Ruins of a Pantheon 
of Wisdom and Liberty. 



THE COLUMBIAN COSMOPOLITAN:— Induction, Thanks, 
Emmaella, Clarabelle, the Muse of Shen- 
andoah, The Bliss that Now Island Now 
Fare thee Well 

SUPPLEMENT 1 :— Some Lines of Solitary Thought : 

Sons and Sires, A Busy Life — (Horace Greeley's) 
The Last Words (of Chas. Sumner), Emerson, 
(Ralph Waldo), Jefferson Davis and Abraham 
Lincoln, The Lovely Octoroon, Two Epitaphs. 

SUPPLEMENT 2 :— Scrawls from the Walls; or Words 
from a Diary. 

"Good-bye to flattery's fawning face, 
"To grandeur with his wise grimace, 
"To upstart wealth's averted eye, 
"To supple office, low and high; 
"Good-bye, proud world, I'm going home," 
To heaven's hall, a thinker's dome, — 
And where I go you can not come; 
An Experience, A True Statement, 
The Unity of Friends and Brethren. 
Emerson, Shelley, Tilton, 



I 



2 
SUPPLEMENT, 3:— Some Hymns op Love in Songs of Life ■ 

O, for a purer love — a married life ; 
A woman wise and free — Columbian; 
A woman in whose veins there flows and grows 
A revolution, cosmopolitan! — 
Youth and Truth, Two Young Hearts, Meet- 
ing, Parting, The Grave, A Tour Among the 
Rich and Poor, The Sun came up and the 
Moou went down. 

APPENDIX A, — The North American Republic. 

The North American Republic woke 
And thus the genii of her story spoke. 
Columbus said, O, virgin of the west ! 
Mine own Columbia, how thon art blest, etc., 
— — then a description of two historic Americans; 
then Jefferson speaking the Declaration and 
the Constitution, closing with extracts from 
Washington's Farewell Address; then Sumner, 
on the past, present and future of the nation, 
ending with "the words of our good president," 

and 
The North American Republic slept; 
It slept, it dreamed, and in its dreams it wept. 

APPENDIX B.— The Jews' Theocracy. 

The North American Republic claims 
Maternal care from Jews' Theocracy, 
Whose cherished sons are Russia, England, 

Spain. 
In ancient Egypt, man was tree as wealth. 
Judea strove to make man free as faith. 
The following lines condense prophetic history 
From words of Moses, Jesus and some saints. 

APPENDIX C, — The Christian Home and State. 

Throughout the world, the christian homes and states 

Will realize these idealities: — 

Blest are the healthy poor; for homes of bliss 

Are theirs, and states of peace for all their heirs. 

Blest are the meek; for all the earth is theirs. 

Blest are the pure; tor joy is purity. 

Such truth and love and worth \% happiness. 



Behold the shining, shining river, 

The lowly, holy cottage door, 
Then tell thy heartstrings as they quiver, 

We're happy, happy, happy evermore. 

Here sat the poet in this cell; 
Here, learned inspired words to tell. 
We'll leave broad acres of the soil 
For all the empires of the soul. 

November's rain is falling now, 
Celestial hands have touched my brow; 
Misfortune smiles amid her frowns, 
Our tears are jewels in our crowns. 
In Fairfield, as in days long past, 
My school-boy hopes revive at last, 
While the soul of Burns is round me cast. 

U, come to my wildwood home, 

Youth of the starry bright eyes ! 

O, come to my wildwood home, 

And make it a paradise ! 

I have loved thee long, I have loved thee well, 

I have loved thee more than my verse can tell. 

O, come to my wildwood home ! 



When mine eyes I raise to meet thee, 
When I stretch my hand to greet thee. 
And with fairest flowers entreat thee. 
Then thou know'st I love thee well. 

Your eyes, they are polished 

With heavenly light. 
Your name is bedewed 

With my tears in the night. 
O, guess not my secret, 

My soul cannot tell. 
The angels don't know 

I have loved you so well. 
My soul, it is thine 

Where'er thou dost roam ; 
I will love thee when tar 

As I loved thee at home. 
Heaven bless thee, dear boy, 

With sweet dreams in the night, 
And make thy short years 

Full of heavenlv light. 



I wish to work and wait, wait and work ; work well, wait well, 
live in peace and sleep with no debt. 

If, like the dial, you will only note 

Those hours your sun has bathed in light and heat, 

That light and life and heat will be your summer day. 

I choose to grow nearer the ground. I would rather live the low- 
ly life I am now enjoying, with none to praise and very few to love 
me. In the narrow vale of content may be found that peace of 
mind which is dearer than all the praise of a hollow crowd. 

"INSANITY?" 

Yes ! "If madness 'tis to be unlike the world." But good men 
"keep themselves unspotted from the world" and "the best thing 
in the world is to live above it." 

"And as he thus spake for himself, Festus said with a loud voice, 
"Paul, thou art beside thyself; much learning doth make thee mad." 

No ! "I am not mad, most noble Festus, but speak forth the 
words of truth and soberness." 

"His brethren said unto him, ; Show thyself to the world ;' for 
neither did his brethren believe in him." 

"Then Jesus said unto them, 'My time is not yet come: but your 
time is always ready." 

"Why go ye about to kill me?" 

The people answered and said, "Thou hast a devil: who goeth 
about to kill thee f" 

It is useless to waste words on opponents. Quips, quibbles and 
quiddities, jokes, items, statistics and prejudices, all enter into the 
black arm of an influence, which, so far from holding out, we would 
cut off if we had it. Better, better, a thousand times better, to be 
annihilated for a day or forever in speaking the truth and doing 
the right than to be pleased by the smiles of hypocrisy, or the ap- 
plause of imbecility, or the, wages of iniquity: better, than all these, 
is a sacrifice to intelligence and magnanimity- 



STUDENT 



AND 



TKIBUSTE, VOL. V, 



GOVERNMENT. 
Methods of Study. 

There are two methods of reaching conclusions upon 
subjects relating to human conduct: 1. The method 
of observation, comparison, experiment; 2. The method 
of intuition, imagination, experience. Disputes among 
scholars and teachers can be reconciled if these two 
methods by which they reach conclusions are properly 
considered. Idealists begin with ideas of goodness, ho- 
liness, and virtue, and come down to the facts of life and 
nature. Observers record phenomena and from the 
connection which exists between causes and effects elab- 
orate the systems of thought and action by which prac- 
tical men are guided. These observers or scientists 
have little patience with the worshipers or mystics, as 
men of practice have with men of theory every where.Both 
methods of study have their advantages and disadvan- 
tages; both methods, like all things offered man, are 
useful if well used. Theories and systems, rightly under- 
stood, agree even when seeming most to disagree; that 
is, when they proceed from honest, sincere and capable 
persons. 

Examine the biography of a man, especially his 
speeches and journals and letters, and it is possible to 
forecast that man's views upon every subject relating 
to human conduct. The conduct of any life and views 
of human nature and human life depend upon the bias 
which nature and education give to national and indi- 
vidual character. One person is hopeful, another is de- 
spondent; one believes in the efficiency of elective meth- 
ods, another in prescriptive systems and military disci- 
pline. 

The safest ground to be trodden in actual life is the 
middle ground over which aspiration and enthusiastic 
endeavor may be guided by the milestones of prudence 
and experience. 

"The Majesty of the People." 

When the common people get rid of much of their 
folly, vice and crime,- then they will practically have 
right on their side, and as long as they keep skill and 
right on their side, they will have might to maintain 
the right. Dream or not! the brotherhood of man and 
theoretical rights of man would never have lacked 
power to maintain themselves if wisdom and justice had 
consented to guide the common people to the oases of 
eivil liberty which existed in the deserts of history. 



The great work of heroism has heretofore been tlie en- 
slavement of imbeciles and criminals; it may become 
the mental ilium iiiation and moral improvement of the 
common people in civilized countries and finally the in- 
vesting of them with the crown and mitre of a sover- 
eignty which they can maintain by force in every land 
and on every sea. 

Can thecommon people free themselves from ignorance 
and vice to such an extent that they can govern them- 
selves as well as their governors have governed them.' 
May not culture and civilization be compelled to crouch 
in the holes and corners of dark ages while universal 
suffrage is tearing society into fragments with itsbloody 
experiments? 

Aristocracies, monarchies and the demagogues of 
democracies are ever ready to take the wages which any 
people unable to govern itself can well afford to pay for 
good government; but all these governors are so apt to 
misgovern, or to neglect Jo govern: they take the wages 
but will not or cannot do the work. Consequently, the 
people, dissatisfied with governors and governments, do, 
with constitution and guillotine, periodically march into 
revolution, and finding their brotherhood-of-man doc- 
trine and universal-suffrage polity as deceptive as hu- 
man nature is weak,- have only to burn their paper 
constitutions and bloody guillotines, and — march out of 
their revolutions again. 

One sensible thing remains to be done. Every nation 
and each individual must prepare for liberty by recog- 
nizing the importance and necessity of intelligence and 
' virtue. ISTo one can learn to swim who is afraid to go iuto 
the water, or has no use of his limbs when he is in it. 
When conditions of self-help and self-reliance, self-control 
and self-development have been reached, civil liberty and 
personal liberty will not long want the power that gives 
to life its greatest joy and to effort its best opportunity. 
Let man make good use of the liberty any government 
'gives him, and the times will mend as ftat as man can. 

But, just here begins the new heroism,- the new mon- 
archy, aristocracy, or demagogism- because few men. 
communities, nations, or ages, will effectually reloi in 
themselves or permit themselves to be educated,- and 
only here and there a hero with his baud, sect, party, 
guard or legion, have the courage and ability to under- 
take and make the reforms which are necessary or pos- 
sible. 

A reason why the problem of self-government has 
been so hard for man to solve, arises from the fact that 
the sciences of human life or human conduct, viz.. 
ethics and politics, are not sufficiently enriched by 
contributions from the treasures of human thought and 
experience. For the same reason that a very good 
school is an impossibility, a very good home or state is 
also an impossibility. Pedagogy and government, as 
yet, have no place on the list of the sciences, and until 
the parent, the teacher, and the governor, each knows 
what his work is, he cannot be expected to do it. 



3 

Brotherhood of man! poet's dream and prophet's 
prayer! Fountain of happiness! yet some of thy streams 
have been rivers of death! At last is the doctrine writ- 
ten in the declaration, the constitution and the laws of 
a mighty nation. What record will the freedom and [ 
equality of Americans leave on the pages of history? 

Horace Greeley believed in unselfishness. Is it a 
practical system? Bach man to consider the things that 
make up the welfare of his neighbor? Scattering the 
springs of human life, character, action, and happiness, 
rather much. "What is everybody's business is nobody's 
business." The truth is somewhere between the ex- 
tremes of selfishness and unselfishness. As the heart 
is in the middle of the body, away from the extremities, 
so, the soul of progress, is midway between the human 
brain and face and hands of radicalism, ^nd the rump 
and feet and toes of conservatism. Morals are selfish- 
ness and philanthropy so mingled as to produce the 
best result that can be produced. 

The Subjection of Women. 
Hope, idealism, culture, civivilizatioh, and religion, 
all point to the restoring of humanity or its develop- 
ment, by making the female and the male cc equal parts 
of the grand miracle of human nature, life and society. 
"A little child shall lead them." Here is the monarch 
of the home — a little child. Here is the aristocracy of 
the fireside — the children that cluster around the hearth 
of a well-ordered home. 

In a well-ordered home the question, Who shall be 
first in this kingdom? cannot arise. Marriage and pri- 
vate property are two-thirds of the sources from which 
civilization flows. The culture which arises from pa- 
rentage is most of the other third. Husband and wife 
are alike interested in studying and solving the question 
of the welfare of their children. Keason, experience 
and love are their teachers — a little child shall lead 
them. 

But despair, reality, ignorance, inhumanity, barbarism 
and unrighteousness, are the stern facts of life in this 
world. Wisdom and justice are the offices: where 
reason and conscience are not, and where sickness, mis- 
fortune, pride, fashion, ambition, etc., are, even club 
law must enforce the demands of wisdom and justice, if 
no other law can do it. In the slums of the cities and 
the woodland cabins of the country, and in the hovels 
of the town and village, woman may be the angel of 
the household, as she is in the prosperous home every 
where*, but where want and woe are pressing existence 
beyond the ability for thought, there is little time to 
argue matters, and no time to follow a ragged, dirty, 
little child. Is it possible that even under such circum- 
stances, "The man should bear rule and not the woman?" 
To avoid such harsh reality and to realize the bless 
edness of married life under a civilized government, it 
is necessary that the empire of order, or the rule of 
wisdom and virtue, should be brought down to a home, 



4 
a school, a school district, or it might be possible to 
bring it into most families of a county where the rum 
shops had been closed fifty years and where honest 
and efficient teachers and officers had trained a gener- 
ation and a half so well that men and women and chil- 
dren were anxious to u Cease to do evil and learn to do 
well." At least every man and woman really wedded, 
have it in their power to study those precepts and imi- 
tate those examples, which, to a considerable extent 
everywhere demonstrate that wedded love is "the only 
only bliss of paradise that has survived the fall" — a 
love that in town house and farm house makes a heaven 
of its own amid the wreck and ruin that surround it. 

But what a man sees is colored by the spectacles of 
the mind through which he is looking. Some would 
have woman lead; others would have her to follow, and 
few are sufficiently wise and good to deserve that 
they shall go hand in hand, climbing up the hill of life 
together, tottering down on the other side, and shall 
rest in peace sleeping together in a grave at the foot 
of the hill they have traveled over. 
Temperance. 

Close the bar-rooms. How! 1. By the legitimate per- 
suasive influence of all the temperance organizations. 
2. By teaching in the schools the lessons of temperance 
contained in the schoolbooks. 3. By teaching from the 
pulpit the lessons of temperance contained in the Old 
and New Testaments. 4. By voting every tippler out of 
office. 5. By voting for local option as soon as public 
opinion is strong enough to maintain it. 

The bible argument for bar-rooms is not worthy of 
consideration. What fair mind can suppose for a mo- 
ment that Moses, Elijah, Isaiah, Jesus, John, or Paul, 
would have spent his days and nights drinking, loafing, 
cursing, gossiping, and doing the other worse things 
which are parts of bar-room companionship! The other 
writers of those books, or the other persons whose lives 
and labors are recorded in the books of the Old and 
New Testaments, would, in proportion to their power 
and influence, have shrunk from such habits and asso- 
ciations. The weakest and meanest of the number 
could exist in such a company only by preaching repen- 
tance to, or laboring for the reformation of, such people 
as spend their time and money at bar-rooms. 

A weak man who attempts to meddle with moral and 
social questions, does more harm than good. In the 
first place, his effect upon the world is mere whistling 
in the north wind. In the second place, by neglecting 
his own business by attending to other people's, he does 
harm to himself and family. In the end, it is the world 
that must look after its weak menders. It requires more 
wisdom, more patience, more energy, and more honesty 
and industry and courage, to do a little good, than most 
schools, sects, parties and persons are aware of. 

The army of drunkards is constantly recruited from 
three classes of people: 1. Those who are led into the 



drinking habit by the influence of luxury, 2. Those 
who are both led by luxury and driven by necessity; 3* 
Those who are driven into the habit by necessity — want 
of proper food, clothing, shelter, and by want of proper 
social, intellectual and spiritual culture, sympathy, and 
development. The melancholy result of all these causes 
of drunkenness is a disease, which is no- more a fit 
subject for ridicule than are rheumatism and consump- 
tion. 

Recognize the facts of life just as you find them and 
ascertain their real meaning, but remember that love 
is queen of life and hope the king ot haman destiny. 

In this age of skepticism, materialism, sensualism and 
avarice, beyond purifying the moral atmosphere by 
teaching the virtue of temperance, and the blackboard 
or other object-lesson teaching, that temperance is a 
virtue,- included in the workings of License, Local Op- 
tion, Prohibition, &c.,- any other great result can with 
difficulty be reached and maintained in practice. 

That poverty, intemperance, vice and crime are God's 
ways of rotting out trash, la a law of nature, otherwise 
stated, as "visiting the iniquities of the fathers upon 
the children unto the third and fourth generations of 
them that hate ME" This law of nature demonstates 
the danger and weakness of the doctrine of universal 
and indiscriminate benevolence — that it is as unsafe 
and wrong to check an individual or race from sinking 
that ought to sink, as it is foolish and criminal to hinder 
an individual or race from rising that ought to rise. 

The question, "Can we live at all?," is included in the 
question, "How shall we live?" Duty, well understood, 
is only another name for permanent and ultimate sucess. 
As was said by one who not too well understood the 
science of duty— "I see plainly that if a man will stick 
to the truth it will carry him out." 
Puritanism. 
Cromwell hoped to win England's approbation of the 
principles whieh produced and maintained his govern- 
ment. The traditional instincts of England could not 
thus be overcome. The scholar, the reformer, the writer, 
the teacher, the statesman, who appeals to the minds 
and hearts and pockets of a people, can produce gradual 
changes, but mere imperialism and centralization of 
wealth and military force, unsupported by teaching in 
harmony with instinct, tradition, and character,- can 
produce no immediate revolution in the life of a natios. 
Yet genius allied to fidelity to principles which have 
placed upon genius and effort the crown of centralized 
power, can do much toward the progress of a country. 
"As soon as the wild orgy of the restoration was over, 
men began to see that nothing that was really worthy 
in the work of Puritanism had been undone." "Slowly 
but steadily it introduced its own seriousness and purity 
into English society, English literature, English politics." 
Strikes. 
Labor does not know the real value of property. It 



6 

will not place itself under the discipline which is nec- 
essary to acquire and accumulate property. It embra- 
ces another class of influences which fosters all the vices 
that degrade human nature. 

The foes of the home and of the state are alike licen- 
tious, when they strike at Marriage by filling and pat- 
ronizing brothels, and when they oppose physical power 
and mere numbers to the skill and virtue which have 
collected property in the hands of corporations and 
individuals. 

Strikes, if they have any meaning, can mean only 
one thing; this, namely:- Bloated Wealth fosters dis- 
eases in the entire social system more rapidly than 
Pallid Poverty: Vice and Crime, or Social Diseases, 
are what the mills of the gods grind into powder. 

After quacks and quackery produced by wealth and 
poverty have been somewhat shaken by revolutions, 
Marriage, Property and Government will still remain 
the prime necessities of man. 

Employers and employees, governors and those who 
are governed, must exist together, until in some golden 
age, man, invested with crown and mitre, shall be 
sovereign of himself in fact and not merely in name, as 
he is here and now. 

The thing for the friend of the working man to do, is, 
plant himself, not blindly against Capital alone,- but 
to plant himself squarely against avarice, ignorance, 
superstition, knavery and sensuality, wherever he finds 
them, and to look for them, first of all, into all the 
thoughts and actions of his darling self. 

Most persons can do only one thing efficiently, and 
yet to do only one thing has a tendency to dwarf char- 
acter. The Agricultural System diversifies employ- 
ment by the variety of labor which attends the changes 
of the seasons. The Manufacturing system tends to di- 
vide mechanical employments by requiring the con- 
tinual performance of the same work by the same work- 
man. The laborer in a factory must expect to find his 
services superseded as soon as Capital can transfer his 
share of labor and intelligence to machinery provided 
by Inventiou, and as soon as laws of supply and demand 
have closed markets for manufactured articles. 

If it were possible effectually to restrain what seem 
to be the more selfish, sensual and dangerous elements 
of human nature, each person might be guaranteed a 
subsistence and the means of pursuing happiness, in the 
exercise of a single talent. Such experiments have 
been made by religious and other communities, but their 
success has not been sufficiently flattering to render it 
advisable to reproduce them on a larger scale in the life 
of states or nations. 

The deficiencies,- if there be such in human nature,- 
seem but part of the system by which man is surround- 
ed. The envy, strife, struggle and rivalry, which exist 
in society, seem to make the feud of Want and Have, 



T 

part of the changing seasons and of the various soils, 
streams, mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, 
drouths and climates, which govern human life and 
destiuy. Much may be done by governments, science, 
art aud useful institutions to acclimate man in the earth 
and bend the human exile to his fate, but all his prog- 
ress may not remove him from the state of war into 
which his first ancestors were born, and this state of 
war may be of the utmost importance to human well- 
being. 

The Cuksb of the Age. 

The question no longer is, How can a movement 
against effete authority be started? but rather, flow 
can the tendency of the modern world to destroy all 
authority, be controlled? Authority, of some sort, must 
always exist. The nations want fewer political destroy- 
ers aud more creators. It is easy to unchain the beasts 
of passion; it is difficult to lead forth the teachers of 
tact;, or draw down the angels of inspiration. 

Not the honest, capable lawyer uuhung by Jack Cade- 
ism, nor the small boy with the pistol, is the curse of 
this Valley. At each courthouse,in nearly every village, 
at almost every country store, are clubs of lewd fellows 
who in an atmosphere of profanity, obscenity, tobacco, 
whiskey and violence, rant about politics. It is the 
endless grinding of election machines oiled with the 
deadly ichor of the moral leprosy of these and numer* 
ous other schools of vice and crime, that is the greatest 
curse which angry heaven has sent upon these Valleys, 
these States, or this Nation. 

The most melancholy phenomena which the student 
of human life in this century cannot avoid observing 
and reflecting upon, are the following:- A large class 
of weak persons and also another larger class of stron- 
ger persous which includes some of the very strongest 
characters, endeavor to walk in virtue's narrow path 
according to the best lights, which are the best printed 
and oral teaching. With regard to prudence, which 
has been called "the natural history of the soul incar- 
nate", a prudence which includes in some oases their 
spiritual a* well as material welfare,- in this regard the 
persons named seem to err as greatly as the liar, the 
lecher, the miser, the glutton or the drunkard. The 
error is followed by a penalty which seems entirely dis- 
proportionate to the offence which was principally 
mental,- was the want of perception to discover the 
weaknes of a creed and the folly and danger of attempt- 
ing too minutely to realize almost any ideals. Each 
attempt of every idealist to purify himself, places him 
in the power of the demons who are enslaved to the 
temporary yet sovereign Fact, and by such demons all 
such aspiring persons are surrounded. Each effort to 
benefit said demons results in self destruction, and each 
attempt to trust said demons only ends in the betrayal 
of such idealist, even without the -eremony of the Judas 
kiss. 



8 
Utility, the greatest good of the greatest number, 
regard for the public good, &c, are in substance iden- 
tical with the brotherhood of man, human rigbts, liber- 
ty, equality, fraternity, &c, and it is upon this doctrine 
6f utilitarianism, or fraterniy, that the whole fabric of 
democracy rests. This idea applied to societies and 
nations is nothing more than selfishness or self-interest 
as contrasted with duty, right, truth, goodness and 
justice; it is au attempt to govern men by checks and 
balances arising from self-interest rather than to gov- 
ern them by authority in harmony with the experience 
of the race and the oracles of the soul. By appealing 
to universal suffrage, the physical and material elements 
of civilization mould human destiny, rather than those 
elements of life and character which are mental and 
spiritual. Folly tills the throne, hypocrisy covers the 
altar and iniquity floods the land, with destruction, aa 
really as these results followed in any period that is ill- 
uminated by historians. It is the old cry of pleasure 
rather than virtue, adapted trom the beginning of the 
world to secure the suffrage of the multitude and which 
always has been followed by national ruin. 

There is one truth in utilitarianism: "Physical im- 
provement is the basis of popular virtue." The more 
important truth, unknown to utilitarians, is, "The 
kingdom of heaven is within you." Utility and happi- 
ness should not be entirely disregarded in the conduct 
df human life, but narrow is that creed of virtue which 
■hrinks from the discipline of sorrow and the efficiency 
which springs from a genuine piety. Better is authority 
with righteousness than liberty with wickedness. 
Is there a Remedy! 
What are the elements that enter into the idea and 
constitution of government? Two, only; authority and 
obedience. In modern republics, authority, in theory, 
rests with the mass of the people who create executive, 
legislative and judicial powers which check and bal- 
ance each other, and all these authorities obey the 
Constitution and the Laws and amend both according 
to the dictates of Public Opinion. 

The question to be asked is, Can governments organ- 
ized on the basis of utility or self-interest endure the 
tests of time as well as those organized upon the basis 
of duty well understood! 

"Forms of government must conform to the constitu- 
tion of human nature and recognize those arrangements 
of Providence which are beyond the reach of human 
control." The Constitution and the Laws have existed 
from the beginning of the political world in the consti 
tution of man and the laws of the whole physical, social 
and spiritual system of nature in which he is placed. 
That form of government which best recognizes and 
realizes the facts oflife and of nature as connected with 
human societies and individuals, is the bestj but other 
forms are sometimes the fittest, far a given people. 



9 

Sparta may have read the eternal verities of political 
wisdom along with China, Borne, Judea, and the Eng- 
land of William the Conqueror,* for Lycurgus through 
the history of Lacedaemon sent down to this age the 
unrecognized message, that, Equity, or even justice is 
equality. A high spirit of ethics and jurisprudence 
must be sought in the Hebrew and Roman doctrine of 
duties before rights — the doctrine that was so well 
illustrated by the Spartan mother, who when present- 
ing the shield, said, "With it, my son, or on it." - Such 
were the races of ancient times which submitted to the 
control of reason, justice and the laws of the universe. 

"The Best Government the World ever Saw." 

But after the last vox-populii-vox-diabolii words have 
been spoken, the hope of the world may still rest upon 
the victory of the democratic idea purified from immo^ 
rality and elevated above its low ideals of common sense. 

16 a government by heroes or superior persons, the 
best government? Is a representative system like that 
of the United States the best method of securing the 
services of persons who can and will govern well? Do 
the benefits connected with our form of government 
surpass the advantages arising from other forms, and 
have we now fewer evils to endure than will attend 
other polities which are possible for us? Upon intelli- 
gent answers to these questions, depend the apologies 
which are so much needed for the factions which have 
represented the spirit of eleven decades of this Union. 

After giving due weight to the lessons of history, 
allowance must be made for the possible effects of two 
great modern forces in bringing success to the repre- 
sentative system: 1. The industrial and inventive 
spirit; 2. The scientific spirit. Also, a third, greater 
force than all others, seems to be on the side of demo- 
eratieal governments: the course of nature, which ap- 
pears to be amelioration, growth, progress, develop- 
ment, and the victory of good over evil. 

There is a fact deeper than any result presented by 
the history of man, and that fact is the nature of the 
human soul. The English people, nation, and constitu- 
tion, were a growth rather than a creation in harmony 
with principles already kuown. Providence controls 
the affairs of men, and all the builders build more wisely 
than they know. 

The purposes to be accomplished by homes, churches 
and states, are one and the same:- the cultivation of 
the pure heart, and the clear seeing eye, and the strong 
arm. The decline and fall of homes, churches and 
states, result also from the same cause, viz., the mista- 
king of means for ends. All domestic, ecclesiastical, 
and political, sciences and arts which have created the 
wealth, the fame and the faiths of the civilizations, 



10 
have, in connection with the sensuality and bestiality 
of human nature, consumed all human energy, and left 
the multitude in every age, destitute of the happiness 
and blessedness which it is the mission of society and 
government to produce. 

The modern custom of reporting the debates and 
other transactions of legislative and other governmen- 
tal bodies, and of appointing commissioners and inspec- 
tors to examine and report the condition of facts or 
opinions, and the practice of appointing special inves- 
tigators to turn mystery to science and of publishing 
to the world the results of such investigation,- do, by 
means of the railway, steamship, printing press and 
telegraph,- enablele the whole people to be present in 
©fleet and to assist in the deliberations which precede 
the enactment, execution, and even interpretation, of 
laws. This state of things, to all intents, places the 
first man of the age, whoever he may be,- at the head 
of affairs; because civilized mankind are now ruled by 
the spell of a phrase, and from a thousand obscure or 
illustrious sources may the breathing word be trans- 
mitted and the burning thought become a sceptre in 
the hands of the hero of the hour. 

Would it not after all be something wonderful, if 
after argument and tumult it will be discovered at last 
that these United States do really possess the best 
form of government the world ever saw! It is the 
duty of each generation who inhabit these States to 
act as if this were true, if the virtue and power of man 
are all that are wanting to make it true, even if so to 
act they must believe against belief, hope against hope 
and love the meanness out of each rascal they run into, 
or kick countless carcasses of rascality into a ditch, or 
stand idly by and watch nature make phosphate. Did 
Horace Greeley speak truths for the next century or 
millennium, when he uttered sentiments like the fol- 
lowing! — 

'•'With a fervent good-bye to the friends I leave on 
this side of the Atlantic, I turn my steps gladly and 
proudly toward my own loved Western home — toward 
the land where Man enjoys larger opportunities than 
elsewhere to develop the better and the worse aspects 
Of his nature, and where evil and good have a Ireer 
course, a wider arena for their inevitable struggles 
than is allowed them among the heavy fetters and 
Oast-iron forms of this rigid and wrinkled Old World. 
Doubtless those struggles will long be arduous and 
trying; doubtless the dictates of duty will there bear 
sternly away from the halcyon bowers of popularity; 
doubtless he would be singly and wholly right must 
there encounter ordeals as severe as those which here 
try the souls of the would-be champions of progress 
and liberty. But political freedom, such as white men 
enjoy in the United States, and the mass do not enjoy 
in Europe, not even in Britain, is a basis for confident 
and well grounded hope; the running stream, though 



11 

turbid, tends ever to self-purification; the obstructed 
and stagnant pool grows daily more dank and loath- 
some. Believing most firmly in the ultimate triumph 
of Good over Evil, I rejoice in the existence and diffu- 
sion of that liberty, which while it intensifies the con- 
test, accelerates the consummation. Neither blind to 
her errors nor a pander to her vices. I rejoice to feel 
that every hour henceforth till 1 see her shores must 
lessen the distance that divides me from my country, 
whose advantages and blessings this four months' 
absence has taught me to appreciate more dearly and 
prize more deeply than before.' " 

Life and Times of Horace Greeley, pp. 218-'9. 

The father of the American republic of letters and 
the finest recognized practical literary genius of our 
country, said, 

"It has been asked 'Can I be content to live in this 
country?' Whoever asks this question must have an 
inadequate idea of its blessings and delights. * I 
come from gloomier climes to one of brilliant sunshine 
and inspiring purity. I come from countries lowering 
with doubt and danger, where the rich man trembles 
and the poor man frowns — where all repine at the 
present and dread the future. I come from these to a 
country where all is life and animation; where I hear 
on every side the sound of exultation; where every one 
speaks of the past with triumph, the present with de- 
light, the future with growing and confident anticipa- 
tion." Washington Irving, Life and Letters, vol. ii., 242. 
Law for Man and Law for Thing-. 

Man's best estate is healthy poverty, which means 
neither poverty nor riches but rather the contentment 
arising from necessary and unfailing food, clothing, 
and the lodging provided by a pleasant home which is 
the property of the lodger. Money in the hands of the 
best people frequently does as much harm as good 
and in the pockets of bad people it does more harm 
than good. Money can keep the moral rottenness from 
making very rapid progress toward visible decay; but 
all the money salt in creation cannot prevent a carcass 
of immorality from putrefying: money rather has the 
effect of hastening an invisible but stinking and loath- 
some putrefaction. 

Prosperity has more dangers for rational human con- 
duct than adversity. Necessity and the powers that 
be, keep poor people in their places; but what can 
control rich people? Only the laws of things — gout, 
dyspepsia, imbecility and the penalties that follow im- 
morality and vice. One saving feature of democracy 
is, that it counteracts the luxury and pride which de- 
stroyed the old empires which were supported by slave 
labor. Herein is a compensation, in this, that as much 
of the starvation and suffering which produce strikes 
are unusual where slave labor exists, so with the evils 



12 

of emancipation, pride and luxury are to a great extent 
swallowed by the sea of democracy. 

And now and here come in again with advantage 
the weakness and even inherent and acquired vicious- 
ness of human nature in this, that every human being 
has an opportunity to live in civilized society. The 
innumerable wants of civilized man create an innumer- 
able quantity of sciences aud arts, each science and 
each art, like every department of nature, an infini- 
tude in itself. To the hostler who dreams all night 
about the horse must the lawyer come and inquire if 
his valuable animal is suffering from bee sting or snake 
bite; and to the lowest and most brutal bully may 
that lawyer owe a whole hide if he is caught up in a 
street brawl. — Persons with little mind, heart or 
soul, take up their abiding places as the mud-sills of 
civilized societies. And so there is room for all. The 
fittest survive and the divine humanity prevents the 
strong from destroying the weak. 

This country as well as Europe is greatly demoralized. 
Utilitarianism, profit-and-loss, check-and-balance 
philosophies and the bogus aristocracies which radi- 
cals endeavor to reform, rule European and American 
societies and governments. The result is that the in- 
dustrious and honest people must maintain those who 
are idle and dishonest. The fault, dear Brutus, is not es- 
pecially in our currency, nor in our schools, nor in our 
churches. As to currency, it is with nations as with 
individuals. Honesty, industry and economy can 
stamp their promise to pay on an old hat rim and the 
promise would not be more valuable if stamped upon 
gold. As to schools, churches, &c, it is the duty of 
every practical man who wishes to do no harm, to pu- 
rify schools, churches, &c, as much as he can, and then 
to help rather than hinder their work. Character is 
the one thing that counts all the way through. 

Formulas have various values at various times and 
epochs. The formula of love and humility — or of love 
and renunciation — was well suited to an age in which 
the warrior, the miser, the lecher, the glutton and 
the drunkard were supreme. So utilitarianism, or the 
greatest happiness of the greatest number, which is 
but another expression of the preceding formula, may 
have been the best gospel for England and America 
which could have been preached during the first quar- 
ter, or half, or perhaps the whole of the nineteenth 
century. These formulas have resulted in democracy 
and elevated the doctrine of rights so far above the 
gospel of duty or of duties. In man's passage from 
the empire of the greatest physical force to the empire 
of the best reason and truest equity, the instruments 
of war are gradually laid aside and the instruments of 
fraud are gradually taken up in their place. 
"Forthwith that image vile of fraud appeared, 



13 
His head and upper part exposed on land. 
But laid not on the shore his bestial train. 
His face the semblance of a just man's wore, 
So kind and gracious was its outward cheer; 
The rest was serpent all." 

War is now made by taking away that bread which 
the good father holds from none, and hypocrisy and 
roguery are the means by which the robbery is now 
accomplished. 

Kot arms and the man, or the sword and spear and 
the old warrior,- nor the musket and cannon and the 
modern soldier, must be celebrated in the epics of this 
new era; nor yet sheep's clothing on wolves — the at- 
tempted apotheosis of every form of successful hypoc- 
risy and rascality, ^o, none of these; but Honesty 
and Efficiency maintaining hopeful, joyous, peaceful, 
if need be all enduring and all-conquering, and above 
all, healthful and loving, life in a modern Home: this 
is the newer and truer life — or as some would call it, 
the religion — and as others would say THE govern- 
ment which the twentieth century demands. 



'•LAW." 

A synopsis of law will include its sources, defini- 
tions, divisions, practice, and theory. 
Sources 

1. In climate; 2. In race and the mixture of races; 3. 
In the entire geography and history of nations; 4. In 
founders of states; 5. In constitutions, which are either 
written or unwritten, simple or complex, but always 
the index of the supremacy of one, of few, or of many; 
6. In the executive, legislative and judiciary depart- 
ments of government which are animated by the spirit 
and life blood of the constitution; 7. in the religious 
or ethical system of a state or people, its conflicts with 
material forces and sensual influences, the oscillation of 
the human mind between the two extremes of liberty 
and necessity which have been registered on the face 
of the clock of time and have been remembered or for- 
gotten by history. 

Definitions. 

Laws are such formulas for the regulation of individ- 
ual, social, national and international life and conduct 
as have secured the sanction of government. Equity is 
that comprehensive soul of justice, which, in the breasts 
of judges, governors and legislatures, strives to neu- 
tralize the effects of the evil nature of men. 
Divisions. 

1. Criminal matters and matters of police may be 
regarded as the first of these divisions because of their 
vital importance to the welfare and even existence of 
society-. 2. Contracts may next be considered a 
most important of these departments because 



14 

minister to the subsistence, necessity, pleasure and 
culture of the individual Eeal estate should perhaps 
be placed third in the list because its tenure would 
seem to be intended only to preserve the virtues aud 
destroy the vices of the various generations of men. 
Practice 

1. Involves the examination of crimes, claims and 
titles, which investigation requires a thorough knowl- 
edge of rights and remedies. 2. Involves or includes 
the clear, correct and concise statement of the results 
of investigation in the process, pleadings and other 
preparation of the cause by the judge, or by his clerks 
or attorneys or commissioners, or by part or all of 
them; also the summoning of the parties by the court's 
messengers and similar services rendered by more sub- 
ordinate servants of the judiciary, which are necessary 
to mature the cause for hearing. 3. The most diffi- 
cult part of the practice of law is the management of 
causes by proper use of the instruments of evidence 
and the oral or written proof of propositions or allega- 
tions or their denial, and the eloquence and tact which 
concentrate every line of law and fact at the point of 
issue which is tried by the court. 
Theory. 

Rules of pleading, evidence, and rules of practice 
generally, are merely the results of business and of ne- 
cessity endeavoring to supply actual wants which arise 
in construing and applying laws; and constitutions and 
laws themselves are the necessary results which have 
arisen in construing and applying the reason or verity 
which controls human society and human existence. 



EDUCATION. 

Axioms. 

Nearly all governments take upon themselves the 
work of public common school education and must 
stand convicted by the court of common sense and the 
jury of parental affection if they do not by the most 
efficient ways and means do two things: first, foster 
the study of Pedagogics as a science upon which the 
welfare of the present age and the coming centuries 
depends; by wise and most practical legislation bring 
down to the most worthless public school in the most 
distant mountain gorge the results of this latest and 
soundest research. 

The State says to the parent, "Give me your chibd: 
/will be responsible for its training." If the state trains 
up that child in the nurture and admonition of Mam- 
mon, Moloch, Belial and Beelzebub, has not that State 
struck a blow at the family relation; at the foundation 
of national life and progress? Does it not deserve 
the curses of a parent's outraged love? 



15 
"A Day's Work in a Schoolroom", "A Session in 
Sehoolhouse", or "Experience in the Schools of 



City", or "County", or "State", have the. charm of 
memoirs and when they contain truth ful accounts of 
the actual experience of honest, faithful, earnest, effi- 
cient teachers, much valuable information may be ob- 
tained by examining them. From necessity, books on 
Pedagogics have been mere autobiographies. The 
time is coming when these narratives and the essays 
and treatises based upon them can be used in the prep- 
aration of more scientific works adapted to the actual 
school of to-day, to the wants of the age in which we 
live, and to the rights and duties and power of that fi- 
nest of all fine artists — the efficient, scientific, practical 
educator. 

Among many other important facts, parents and edu- 
cators should remember the following: 1. All ultimate 
responsibility rests upon the government; U. The edu- 
cational progress of each nation depends secondarily 
upon its subjects or citizens, and upon the teachers 
and pupils afterward; 3. The form of school legislation 
depends upon the purpose to foster either the political, 
military, industrial, commercial, literary, assthetic, pa- 
triotic or religious spirit, or to develop a combination 
of all or several • of these .traits of character; 4. The 
character of the teacher is moulded by the doctrines of 
liberty and authority which characterize his nation; 5. 
The principles of Pedagogy are ground rules upon the 
subject of training children in the way they should go; . 
6. The methods of teaching result from school legisla- 
tion, from the character of the teacher and from the 
actual state of things in the section where the school 
is located; 7. No intelligent and virtuous parents can 
delegate to any teacher their entire responsibility for 
the life, culture and fortune of their child; and all such 
parents who can do so shou^l be the only teachers of 
their children. 

What is Teaching? 

The invention of printing has revolutionized all teach- 
ing to such an extent that the real university is a col- 
lection of good books. The living voice of the teacher 
is mainly valuable for the exalted character thatis be- 
hind it. Teaching is not now the imparting of knowl- 
edge; it is the imparting of a healthier, stronger and 
purer selfhood to the physical, mental and moral con- 
stitutions of children by teaching them to read in prin- 
ted books and in the volumes of nature, of life and of 
the human soul. The criterion of all good teaching is, 
that a pupil begins this course of reading when a little 
child and pursues it with delight and with a view to 
the proper conduct of life so long as life lasts. 

"Education is formation, rather than information:" 
it is the development of healthy, intelligent, and above 
all, virtuous, manhood and womanhood; it is the "ac- 
quisition of physical, mental and moral power by self- 



16 

development and voluntary effort"; it is communing 
with nature face to face in solitude and profiting much 
by all the lessons of life's great school which society 
can offer. 

"Delightful task! to rear the tender thought; 
To teach the young idea how to shoot; 
To pour the fresh instruction o'er the mind; 
To breathe the enlivening spirit and to fix 
The generous purpose in the glowing breast!" 
Common School Idolatry. 

There is an idolatry which is injuring the common 
school system of this country — a useless and harmful 
worship of old intellectual forms which though sanc- 
tioned by tradition have long since lost much of their 
'value. This ancient idol worship is joined to a mod- 
ern sort which worships penmanship, map drawing, 
mathematical, historical, orthographical, elocutionary 
and other puzzles and numerous new mechanical and 
intellectual forms which never possessed the value or 
significance which has been attached to them. 

In the place of this worship of grammar rules, this 
parsing, analyzing, counting, reading and reciting by 
machinery, is needed a theory and practice of teaching 
from which correct speaking and writing will follow" 
naturally from pure and sincere thinking and acting; a 
theory and practice of teaching which allows character 
to control handwriting and already sees a possibilty of 
dispensing with penmanship to a considerable extent 
by means of type writers, small printing presses and 
other machinery to be supplied by invention; a theory 
and practice whieh wastes no time and energy in mem- 
orizing insignificant dates, names of sham heroes, un- 
important places and of events not worth remembering 
whilst the important results of history, hygiene and 
morals, and the master-pieces of literature, are unknown 
or unnoticed. 

What is needed most of all for the common school 
system of the United States is more and more genuine 
literature — literature which is the expression of real 
heroism and genuine patriotism, and oi human excel- 
lence derived from the experience of all the ages and 
.specially adapted to the special demands of the present 
age and our own nation. A man or woman competent 
to form the minds of youth in harmony with the vir- 
tuous precepts and examples which should be included 
in a better body and soul of literature than has yet been 
presented to the public in any series of school readers 
— s u c h a man or woman who is willing to wait for 
praise beyond mouthlj reports and examination days 
until the honesty and efficiency of coming years of 
well-spent life shower blessings on the true teacher's 
head — is worth a million of those educational quack s 
who to a little parsing, analysis, cube root, a few maps 
drawn, a little slow penmanship and a few names in 



!7 • rtttftMM 

history and geography, and some long words from the 

dictionary, and much of ScrapewelPs stingy philosophy 
or the practices of the debauchee, — add a life of dis- 
honesty, inefficiency and shame on the parts of both 
pupil and teacher as a fitting commentary on the old 
text: They who sow the wind shall reap the whirlwind. 
Examination of Teachers. 

Caesar's soldiers were sure that after every battle 
each soldier would receive that promotion which he 
earned and deserved. Likewise, it is only in the heat 
of thereon test of actual school work that the lieutenants 
of superintendents of schools can be selected with ac- 
curacy. But then before the genuine teacher can be 
seen, the eye of a teacher is as absolutely necessary as 
is the eye of a soldier to the selection of a soldier. 

The mistake of the examination paper system is, that 
four of the most important qualifications oLa teacher 
are sacrificed to a fifth which is practically" of minor 
importance, because the want of this fifth qualification 
can be detected even by a quack, while the other 
qualifications require the eye of a hero and an expert 
to discern their presence in and absence from the work 
of the teacher. No teacher can stand the fire of pupils 
and parents, trustees and fellow teachers, the public^ 
the county superintendent to whom he must make 
monthly reports,- without exposing his ignorance. The 
other four of the most important of the teacher's, qual- 
ifications are mental capacity, moral character, teach- 
ing power and governing power. . 

The disadvantage of the examination paper system 
is, that it furnishes data which readily adapt them- 
selves to calculations in percentage, and which can be 
tied into bundles with red tape and paper strings. A 
great evil connected with the examination paper system 
is, that in the hands even of an extraordinary superin- 
tendent the school system of a county is apt to run to 
red tape, or paper strings, and in the hands of ordinary 
superintendents it always does so. 
School Money. 

If the schools were taken away from politicians and 
sectarians, scoundrels and dandies and imbeciles, spec- 
ulators and Scrapewells, and managed as a great pri- 
vate enterprise is managed — a railroad or a cotton mill 
— better work would be done at 75 cents a day than is 
now done at $1.50 a day. The officers should form 
simply the muscles or the administrative part of the 
organism and some competent expert in pedagogy and 
public education should furnish legislators and educa- 
tors with the indispensable brains or science which is 
the sonl of an educational organization. Not great sal- 
aries, but better legislation, organization and adminis- 
tration are wanted. Make better use of the money 
you are already spending. Above all, know the precise 



18 

purposes for which our public schools exist: 1. To 
make free government possible bj making good citizens; 
2. To enable each pnpil to make an honest living and 
to live a useful, happy, efficient life. To accomplish the 
first purpose, the teachers and school officers and all 
intelligent and virtuous parents, must be intrusted with 
power similar to that which republican Borne gave her 
censors morum. To accomplish the second purpose, the 
best Male and female — and as soon as possible female 
—character in the country,- that which has grown in 
the cleanest, strongest, most useful and most happy 
homes, with little knowledge of or respect for, ordina- 
ry school, college and university qualification 6;- s u c h 
character should in the schoolroom mould the charac- 
ter of youth. 

It is verily "more blessed to give than to receive," 
for the excellent reason that no man, woman, nor child, 
saint, sinner, demon, nor angel, can receive charity 
without suffering degradation. The fact that many 
people are compelled by their nature to refuse the assis- 
tance they solicit, explains the inefficiency of many elee- 
mosynary institutions, and the same fact also accounts 
for much social and individual ingratitude. 

The effect of money upon teachers is the same as on 
other officers, and the reason is that real teaching and 
real governing are work that never has been and nev- 
er can be paid for iu money. Yet for the sake of inon 
ey any field will be filled to overflowing, and it is for 
the sake of pay in dollars and cents ana for that cause 
only that there are more teachers than schools and 
more applicants than offices. If this scramble for mon- 
ey ended in genuine education and in good government 
no true man would envy teachers and politicians their 
bed and board; but the result of this scramble for office 
is nongovernment, and the result of the millions spent 
for education seems to be new and more dangerous 
forms of vice, crime, disease, and learned ignorance,- 
all of which, like all old and new forms of sin, are a 
reproach to any people. "Kighteousness exalteth a na- 
tion." 

Teachers and. Teaching. 

There are two theories and practices of teaching; the 
one is lifeless, soulless and mechanical; the other is in- 
tellectual, moral, spiritual, living and liie-grving. 

What is the child at the end of a session, and at 
the end of his thirtieth or fiftieth year? and not what 
few grammar and arithmetic rules he has memorized, 
is the important question. 

The true teacher maj use neither a parsing nor a 
counting machine, but the pupils will learn kind, correct, 
elegant and courteous expression from his own lips, 
and correct speaking and writing will follow naturally 
from* the pure, strong and beautiful thoughts which the 
true teacher rears in every pupil's mind. 



19 

The true teacher would with Dr. Kuffner, the first 
State Superintendent of Schools in Virginia, turn at- 
tention to hygiene, morals, manners, good reading, 
good spelling, and especially to the development of 
gentle, honest, industrious character. 

The reading lessons are the soul of the school. — Take 
an extract from the Bible, from Shakspere, from Milton, 
from Dr. Johnson, from Addison, from Oarlyle, or from 
our own Emerson. Few of the most, intelligent and 
aged saints who have made the Bible a lifelong study 
can impart the lesson of a sentence to a young mind,- 
or rather awaken the sleeping germs of virtuous char- 
acter. The same thing is true of an extract from any 
of the numerous writings mentioned; because as an 
eminent and learned man once said, "It takes all I 
know, and more than all I know to make even the com- 
monest things plain to the minds of young people." 
How much more difficult is it to gather the pearls of 
modern wisdom from modern seers and with them 
evolve the ray of genius which is struggling within 
the pupil's being to become the light of his life? And 
yet here is almost nine-tenths of the teacher's power 
as schools are now constituted. To teach on this theo- 
ry, education, like divine religion, is a kingdom that 
"cometh not by" nor with "observation". Like the 
true preacher the real teacher aims at the conduct of 
life and he dreads the anger of his God and the up- 
braidings of his conscience more than lie loves the dol- 
lars or the praises of men. 

An extract from a book in a reader is like a 1 single 
nut from a tree, or an ear of corn or a head of wheat 
from a grain field. To know anything of the crop or to 
get any benefit, you must know the tree or the field and 
possess more than a .single nut, head, or ear — that is, 
you must know the source or. the author and be familiar 
with the writings fnoin which the sample has been 
taken. Very frequently, owing to the stupidity of the 
public and the avarice of compilers aud publishers, the 
particular nut, head, or ear, is small or even rotten. 
Yet the whole field of wheat is to be judged by this 
sample,- all the wisdom of a gifted personage is to be 
extracted from a single sentence or from a few para- 
graphs,- and the teacherC?) Has never before heard of 
the author's name and knows nothing of his thirty or 
fifty volumes which alone would require five years' 
study. The real teacher has studied the life and the 
system of thought out of which the author and his 
writings grew, and best of all he sees in each good au- 
thor the images of truth and holiness which are mir- 
rored in the crystal streams of his own shining life. 
Such a teacher and his pupil can see the oak and the 
hillside where the oak tree grew — they see in l the ex- 
tract the writings and the age and society in which 
the writer lived and labored and the relation of the 
same to other writers, other times, and other places. 



20 

But you have only the nut, the tree rather or the 
plant on which the grain or the nut has grown. The 
fruit must be severed from the plant on which it has 
grown* This is calling or correctly pronouncing the 
words represented by the oil and lampblack on the 
printed page. The word has not yet been made flesh; 
sound has been made of it, rather: the nut or the grain 
has been severed and now lies upon the surface of the 
earth: the thought has likewise been severed from the 
plant whereon it grew and it lies on the surface of the 
mind. 

What is breaking the bur or hulling the walnut? 
Defining the words. What is breaking the walnut or 
biting open the chestnut when they have been taken 
out of the hull or bur? That is defining the extract 
and gathering the seminal thought from the words 
and forms by which it is encumbered. 

But as yet we have had no food for body or mind. 
The kernel must be chewed, swallowed, digested, and 
what the system refuses must be east out again from 
the mind as well as from the body. A selecting mem- 
ory is often more valuable than a retentive memory, 
and as different persons crave different kinds of food 
for their bodies, so all minds cannot be fed upon the 
same kind of grain or kernel, even. — What we oppose 
is this indiscriminate cramming of worthless formulas; 
this feeding of chaff, husks, hulls and burs to young 
people. 

Now this supervision of the teacher in obtaining the 
kernel from the tree of knowledge and intellectual and 
spiritual food from the seed-field of time, this chewing 
and swallowing and digesting of the intellectual and 
spiritual fruit, or grain, or kernel, of a literary master- 
piece,- by the pupil;- require from the teacher no more 
and no less than the shaping of vessels unto honor and 
dishonor at his own will. The skillful teacher by thus 
properly teaching these reading lessons, and by concen- 
trating more time and effort upon them, has it in his 
power to mould the morals, manners, health, fortunes, 
and to a great extent the character of his pupils; because 
as really as the lesson about the lark and the farmer 
teaches the pupil that he should do his work himself, so 
every extract not designed merely to please or amuse 
should have a tendency to influence the conduct of life 
until the boy or girl has crossed the meridian and passed 
the sunset of existence, to the end that the child, hav- 
ing done its duty and its work, shall, in the full- 
ness of years, come in peace to his grave, as a shock of 
oorn in his season. 

Teachers and Superintendents. 

I know of no first principle in education, nor second, 
nor third, unless they are something like the following: 
1. Let the teacher conscientiously earn every cent he 
drawe from man's treasury and religiously endeavor to 



21 

deserve additional wages to be paid — (as such wages 
always are paid, with compound interest,) — from God's 
exchequer. 2. Not knowledge but character, is the be- 
ginning, the middle, the end: "not how the universe 
was formed but how we may pass through it in safety.' 7 
3. The schools were made for the children; not the chil- 
dren for the schools. 

Competent and faithful superintendence is the soul 
of the public school system. There is yet ho science of 
the Supervision of Education by the civil authority. 
If such a science is formulated as it should be formu- 
lated in a government like ours, its first three principles 
will be:- 1. The best bodied, best brained, best cultured 
and best paid man in the nation, state, county, city, 
township, or district, as the case may be; 2. Faithful, 
impartial, continual, sympathetic, and complete, study 
of subalterns and of the sections and material upon 
which subalterns are working to the end, — 3. That each 
act and utterance of the superintendent may be the 
word which should be spoken and the act which should 
be done. 

But the real teacher is the intelligent mother, and 
the genuine superintendent of schools is the father 
who in the vigor of 

u Manhood looks front with careful glance." 



A FREEMAN'S APPRENTICESHIP; 

Leaflets from a Notebook 
Containing Thoughts on Education, Labor, 
Philosophy, Religion, and Literature. * 

Elementary and university training should have the 
same object in view— the growth of character > by 
means oi' self-culture and self -development. The results 
of all teaching should be efficiency and happiness and 
the performance of duty in the department of labor 
and position in life for which the individual is best 
suited. In the work of education and in the work of 
life, four things should be constantly kept in mind:- 1. 
Good Health is the matter of primary importance; ev- 
erything else is of secondary importance; 2. To promote 
good health some Private Property is absolutely neces- 
sary and too much is absolutely injurious because riches 
frequently hinder that mental and spiritual labor and 
exercise which is the law of health, growth, culture and 
development; 3. In connection with rights to private 
property, love for and loyalty to Woman, and the In- 
stitution of Marriage, and the relation of Parentage, are 
the strong forces which civilize nations and perfect the 
character of individuals; 4. Upon this basis of Health, 
Property, and Marriage, rests every form of Ideality, or 
what is commonly called culture and education— Art, 
Science, Literature, Morals, Religion.- The error alike 
of university and elementary training is the hypothesis 



22 
that culture can be imbibed by studying printed books 
several years. The fact is, genuine culture can be 
gained only by healthy growth in wisdom— by a healthy 
life of honest Labor which reads the Book of Nature in 
the School of Experience. 

There should be consolidation of the Teaching Servi- 
ces, because like all other sciences the Science of Hu- 
man Life is interlocked and intertwined not only with 
almost every science but also with almost every art. 
The teacher's preacher's and professor's Teaching Ser- 
vices,- the Teaching Service of the publisher, editor 
and author,- that of the lawyer and the doctor,- the 
Teaching Services of the farmer, mechanic, manufactu- 
rer, inventor, and merchant, should be consolidated into 
one grand Apprenticeship pointing toward the degree 
of Master and Mistress of Arts, and Husband (not 
Bachelor) and Wife of the Science of Life,- a science 
which embraces all knowing and doing in the single art 
of Virtue or Mauhood and Womanhood during the pe- 
riods of childhood, youth, and age. This Apprentice- 
ship should embrace as much as each person needs to 
begin with and enough to go on with and end with in 
the work of self-help, self-culture and self-development. 
Such an Apprenticeship is life in the British and Ger- 
man empires and in the French and American repub- 
lics to all who are wise enough to choose the end and 
strong enough to use the means. 

Too much of the sand of deceit is used in all the 
trades, professions and occupations. A certain amount 
of knavery and imbecility will exist in society as a car- 
cass upon which the eagles of force and the buzzards 
of fraud can gather, but there is no use that every man 
forever considers the public a goose and anybody a fool 
who will not pick her. Many trades and professions 
have been almost entirely revolutionized and many new 
ones have been created by the progress of education 
and invention,- by means of labor saving machinery, &c. 
Many old trades and professions will go on under new 
form 8 and names, but the model American citizen will 
consolidate many of them into a single Teaching and 
Working service which any wise, strong, true, man, and 
loving woman can realize in a home of their own which 
is built upon their own land. 

As Hints for Apprentices who wish to become jour- 
neymen, and for Masters and Mistresses of the Science 
of Sciences, and Husbands and Wives of the Art of 
Arts, the various departments of Thought and Labor 
should be carefully examined and their worth and 
wortblessness iu the free man's, or true man's, or wise 
man's, or good man's, or noble man's, or pure man's, 
or healthy poor man's and meekly valiant man's home, 
should be clearly pointed out. Such is the purpose of 
many of these "Leaflets." 



23 

The people can never know their benefactors. This 
is better for the benefactors and the people too. It 
is better for the benefactors because the difficulties 
with which people surround them are their best dis- 
cipline, and too much recognition would cause said 
benefactors to enjoy the fruit of their labor and not be 
instant in season and out of season. It is better for 
society because the sum total of moral vigor in the 
world is thereby increased. 

The fact that a public servant or a true, honest pri- 
vate individual, is under the heels cf the people, is a 
point in his favor. Let your universal suffrage win- 
nowing machine be perfected by the township system 
and a thousand dollars above expenses in the treasury 
of the school district. Let that be done if you can do 
it. So far as I am concerned, I remain neutral during 
such effort, but I watch the experiment with intense 
interest. The result is clear. Unless you can reach 
the time when every muscle worker shall be able also 
to be a brain worker and thereby destroy the necessity 
for professional brain workers, there must be ten or a 
hundred muscle workers for one brain worker. The 
additional facts that efficient brain work requires a 
lifetime of systematic effort directed to a single point 
and the support of thousands of dollars and the best 
natural ability,- raise doubt that health, knowledge and 
virtue can ever cover the earth as the waters cover 
the great deep. Can the people know their benefactors 
until after the> have killed them! Is it probable that 
mankind will go on refusing to be educated in the real 
sense of the word — refusing to be healthy, intelligent 
and and virtuous? 

A neat, good schoolhouse, even in Old Virginia, is a 
telescope which discloses much that the future hath of 
marvel and surprise. If our civilization does not con- 
tain within itself the germs of its own destruction, the 
real captains will step to the front under all hindrances 
and master us by some fair means. Recognized or un- 
recognized, the world's benefactors will heap up benefits 
for humankind. The progress of the past two hundred 
years which has followed the last awakening of the hu- 
man mind, may continue to destroy some professions 
and create others, until the necessity for walls of sepa- 
ration between brain workers and muscle workers will 
be lessened until the necessity and the walls and gulfs 
of separation themselves will pass entirely away in the 
healthy, intelligent and virtuous character of human 
beings who inhabit this earth in the near or distant eons. 

A Domestic Science will yet include all the sciences. 
Each ray of wisdom and knowledge should enlighten 
the mind enliven the heart and nourish the character 
of man, woman aud child, as really as their bodies are 
nourished by food prepared at the domestic hearth,- 
as really as the members of the household are warmed 
at, and the domestic circle formed around, the home fire- 



side. Halls of learning and of justice and temples of 
religion, are sparks from the fire which the savage kin- 
dled to warm his limbs and cook his scanty meal,- and 
learning, joined to genius and virtue — or wisdom — is 
the torch of human liberty lighted by sparks from that 
primitive hearth— liberty which proceeds from wisdom 
and represents all the strength expended by man in 
struggles with such forces of nature as man can conquer. 

As all sciences are contained in the science of Hie, so 
all arts united constitute the art of living. Every trade 
and profession and occupation must bring its choicest 
offerings to the sanctuary of home. Teachers, preach- 
ers, editors, authors, lawyers, doctors, inventors, discov- 
erers, mechanics, manufacturers, merchants, agricultu- 
rists — all the sciences, arts, culture and progress ol 
civilization, exist to adorn the home of civilized man, 
and are clumsy agencies and nothing more by which 
the well-ordered home is supplied with food and rai- 
ment, fuel and shelter, for body and mind- and the 
germs of them all exist in the mind of every healthy, 
intelligent and virtuous father and mother, daughter 
and son. All human achievement is the gift of the race 
to the individual and of the individual to the race. 

How naturally does all human thought and action, 
being and becoming proceed from marriage and private 
property — radiate from and again concentrate in, this 
fire from the fireside! Teachers, preachers, Jawyets 
and doctors, editors and authors; are only peddlers ot 
a few short rules for the well-being of the minds, bod- 
ies and pockets of civilized man — they aie wandering 
ballad-singers, beggars on the highway of life, who re- 
tail a few short poems which witli'difticnlty enough 
they have grown old in learning from books and insti- 
tutions which contain light caught from the countenan- 
ces of all the shining ones who have lived on the 
earth. All the labor and learning of inventors, discov- 
erers, mechanics, manufacturers commercial men and 
agriculturists, exist but to provide an ear for the bal- 
lad-singers aforesaid. 

A strong, true man, and a true and loving woman, in 
an American home on their own land, can provide such 
an ear. Can they not sing their own ballad! Or bet- 
ter still, they can feel the burden of the earth's song- 
through all ages since the first savage kindled the first 
lire and with that fireside began the establishment of 
arts and sciences, laws and customs. And, best of all, 
can such a man and sucb a woman rise in the strength 
of manhood and the beauty of womanhood, and with 
voices in such harmony as the ages never heard, raise 
a song more melodious than the shining ones have sung. 

Here is the glory of the home, and in a home such 
as this is the battle ground upon which human nature 
will yet gain greater victories than are now recorded 
in the annals of the human race. 

As guide-posts on the highway of progress which 
leads to this victorious warfare, the writer of these lines 
has eudeavorcl to obey three "Humane Laws 7 ': 1. Leave 



25 
no vile men, women and children on your path of life; 
2. Earn more than you use and use no more than yon 
need; 3. Eule your own household as well as you can, 
-4>ut (if the interests of good order will permit), Rule 
none and be ruled by truth, worth, love. 



LEAFLETS. 



1. All sects, parties and human institutions exist for 
man's benefit, and if he permit himself to exist too long 
for their benefit, life's error will be the want of a little 
independence, self-reliance, and originality. 

2. These orators and politicians will bring fire down 
from heaven or up from hell to bake any loaf of bread 
which is ready for their oven. No importance can be 
attached to any of their wards or actions. Now, as 
ever, the nod of an honest man, or a shake of the head 
which is a good man's commentary upon their lives, 
labors and characters,- is of more valne to the people, 
whom these orators are continually using as cat's-paws, 
than all the speeches and editorials that have ever 
been crammed with deceit. 

3. As a class, the lawyers of Virginia, have been, 
(luring the last ten years, systematically persecuted* 
If this class contains much of the gold of character, it 
will come out of the furnace refined and purified, and 
as it regains power and prestige, it will promote the 
welfare of Virginia. If the profession is indeed com- 
posed principally or entirely of scoundrels, the furnace 
of persecution may yet be heated seven times hotter for 
its benefit. 

4. The man who walking the narrow path and enter- 
ing at the straight gate stands alone from the necessity 
of his situation,- is in danger,- because, like all mortals, 
iu tbe midst of life he is in death: but he who travels 
the broad road and enters at the wide gate of destruc- 
tion, and like a piece of drift-wood is borne on the 
waves of the crowd,- is in greater danger than he who 
stands alone — than he who is 

"Beset 
With foes for daring singly to be just, 
And utter odious truth." 

Intellectual and moral forces rule this world and not- 
withstanding the chuckle of success which proceeds 
from well fed parasites in home, church, school and 
state,- coarse materialism, however well presided over 
by low cuuning and fortified by the weak strength oi 
lower rowdyism,- can never reach the height, the depth, 
the length, the breadth, of beatific, inextinguishable, all- 
conquering being. 

5. "What have you accomplished by your elaborate 
opinion 1 ? You have unsettled everything; settled noth- 
ing." 

Many questions admit of no other treatment in the 



26 
present state of knowledge. Of this class are questions 
of casuistry, ethics, pedagogics, and numerous similar 
branches of knowledge which result from new phenom- 
ena presented by American life and American society. 
Any treatment of these subjects which is marked by 
vigor and originality, is preferable to Old World dog- 
matism and the fitting of worn-out formulas to new and 
living societies. What many people need is not infor- 
mation, but conviction of their ignorance. Such peo- 
ple's false views must be unsettled before true views 
can be settled for them. 

G. The best and even richest newspapers are those 
which rise above slavery, bigotry and imbecility, and 
give • both sides of a question with such force and 
originality that even governments must bow the ear 
to listen, and then must act in accordance with what 
the able editors have told them is the truth. The best 
test of scholarship is declared, even by some leading 
universities, to be, ability to prepare disquisitions upon 
subjects of human interest— ability to see both sides 
and all sides of a question as clearly as any and all 
partisans can see,- for only by this method are complete 
Yiews attained: and the modern world demands the 
many-sided, myriad minded man. 

7. The first and most fundamental principle in the 
theory and practice of law, medicine and theology, as 
these sciences (?) and useful arts should be practiced, 
are the same: as little of each as the imbecility, crime 
and disease of the people will permit. The same Inn - 
damental principle is true of the sciences of ethics, pol- 
itics and pedagogics, and the numerous other arts, pro- 
fessions and vocations based upon the sciences last 
mentioned. The ignorance embraced in the no-knowl- 
edge and half-knowledge counected with these subjects 
is best neutralized and banished by a simple, unbiased 
study of the most obvious facts connected with these 
departments of thought and action;- and genuine skill 
will result from the patient, careful application of the 
results of such study to the work in hand. 

8. Fot altogether the greatest happiness of the great- 
est number,- but also the most exalted virtue of the 
greatest number, or even of the few who live in Edens 
iar apart,- the safety of the greatest number, and espe- 
cially of the few whose safety is most important to the 
state, and the obtaining of much needed speedy justice 
— capital and other punishments — by the greatest num- 
ber of Judases. as well as justice for the Socrates 
whose sentence should have been, "Maintained in the 
Prytaneum at the public expense- because he deserved 
well of his country,-' 7 and the development of genuine 
manhood and womanhood by the greatest number and 
by the best quality.- and the realization of the best 
ideals which are in accord with the objects of human 



27 

existence — these things and such as these, are bases 
upon which the fabrics of government rest. 

9. An action is just and right not because it harmo- 
nizes with any hard and fast, cut and dried, theory, but 
because it represents the strong, and kind and pure 
human soul, and the divine soul as evidenced by the 
best books and institutions; because it is in harmony 
with the holiest living forces around us and with the 
holiest living forces within us; and because such action 
even aspires to be in harmony with the system of nature 
or of the universe, of which we, and the earth, and our 
solar system, are an insignificant fraction. 

10. Temperance, Industry, Economy, Intelligence, 
Self-reliance, are essential parts of the moral system 
or system of morals or ethics which America needs. 

11. There is some of the imbecility of egotism, and of 
the immoralitv or of the crime of suicide,- in martyr- 
dom. The great superiority of Shakespeare over Mo- 
ses, Lycurgus, Caesar, and other eternal names of fame, 
is, that Shakespeare earned a home, planted trees and 
passed his old age with his neighbors and friends, 
and died at home in his bed, 
careless if not ignorant of the fact that he is the height 
oi the human race. 

12. The labor problem is unsolved; perhaps it is 
unsolvable: it is a sphinx riddle bequeathed by the 
ancients to the moderns, by the old world to the new. 
Man is now emancipated and he fiuds his freedom 
simply freedom to die by starvation. The industrial 
systems of the age are so many Columbuses in a lew 
tubs at the port of Palos in Spain, ready to sail over 
unknown oceans to an unknown world. The old civili- 
zations were based upon slave labor which is but the 
Greek, Roman, and Oriental mariner, proud that his 
clumsy craft can sail On the Mediterranean pond. But 
eastward over the Pacific and westward across the 
Atlantic of science and civilization, must the crews of 
the Santa Maria, the Pinta and the Nina again come 
bearing the new social, political and religious Columbus 
to the new industrial world — a world in which each man 
and woman shall earn more than they use and use no 
more than they need. 

13. The divine principle of hate is not recognized 
because for two thousand years the divine principle of 
love has systematically attempted to absorb the race. 

14. If it must in fairness be admitted that Southron- 
ism is a composition of Pride, Hate, Laziness, Intelli- 
gence, and Indulgency, these qualities are so well 
matched against a Northernism composed of Humility, 
Love, Industry, Intelligence and Self-denial, that a 
practical vindication may result, of the Southern ethical 
and political principles in time to save society, but be- 
fore the theory has been clearly sketched by the tongue 
or pen of man. 



28 

15. We learn by looking, we learn by listening, we 
learn by talking and reading and writing, and by ask- 
ing and answering questions; but most of all we learn 
by working, thinking and living. 

16. Under the banners of Episcopal, Presbyterian, 
and Independent church government, the Christian 
Church of to-day and to-morrow should be included 
with one and only me efficient minister to each one 
thousand souls. 

17. The theory and practice of all teaching, like the 
philosophy of education and the conduct of human life 
in America and in civilized lands, is resting upon these 
three principles: 1. Health regained, maintained, pro- 
moted, transmitted by lives of temperance, exercise and 
cleanliness; 2. A sense of duty; 3. Industry directed by 
intelligence upon any proper lines of thought and actiou 
which result in that specialty and universality which 
are best adapted to each individual. 

18. No man can really own that which has not pro- 
ceeded from his own inherent energy, which energy 
must itself be paid for in nature's only lawful coin, 
the products of individual toil. Hence all efforts to be- 
stow upon childreu and citizens the fruits rather than 
the substance of fortune, are failures and worse than 
failures, because the donee is prevented from that ex- 
ercise of his powers which can alone develop strength, 
and the donor, be it state, or frieud, or kindred, or 
parent, ia apt to feel that to have a thankless child is 
to endure agonies of death like those which follow the 
bite of a deadly serpent. No man ever conferred a 
benefit who, by reason of this law of nature, did not 
take tne risk of receiving injuries as payment for the 
same, because gratitude is an emotion of which angelic, 
not human, beings are susceptible — those rare and noble 
spirits of whom only one or two sojourn in the earth 
at one and the same time. 

19. The name, ''religion", viewed from an etymological 
stand-point, and meaning to "tie again", represents to 
the extended vision ot the historian, all the glory with 
which each religion has appeared to its votaries. Re- 
ligion, in this view, is, in the poet's and in the prophet's 
eyes, the flower of philosophic freedom, which the best 
intellect and life of the race have produced upon the 
best soil in the most favorable situations of the choicest 
gardens of human destiny. Eeligion, in this view, is 
the rule ot reason, which transforms the effete manners 
and customs of a people into a new conduct of life bet- 
ter adapted to the future than even the old regime 
was suited to the past. 

20. The name, "philosophy", viewed from an etymo- 
logical stand-point, means the "love of wisdom", and 
wisdom, in the view of the lexicographer, is "the choice 
of good ends and of the best means of obtaining them." 

21. The name, "poetry", viewed from an etymological 



29 

stand-point, means "a creation". 

New lite and bliss, 'tis this is poesy. 
'■Poetry is the expression of the best and happiest 
minds in their best and happiest momenta." 



WANDERINGS AKD WOND3KIJJGS 

BY A WANDERER AND WONDSREE. 
O 

Youth was ending; oh! so soon and so fast! Bather 
the period of youth, so full of joy, was to last forever, 
or be omitted entirely, so quick was the transition irom 
the hopes and tears of childhood to the thought and 
work of manhood, and so joyously was that thought 
ana labor welcomed and endured! Not without weari- 
ness and faintness and sadness in seasons when hope 
seemed lost in fruitless effort; but nevertheless joyfully 
and peacefully and hopefully were years passed during 
which the thought of ages and the duty of centuries 
seemed resting upon shoulders made for burdens and 
thankful to bear them. 

At fourteen years of age our Wonderer lay stretched 
in the cradle which rocked his infancy, in the large, 
quiet farm-house, amid the wood-lands, where that in- 
fancy was passed; and what held him there hour after 
hour and day alter day? His heart burned within him 
as he read the popular story told by a Scotch philoso- 
pher and divine about the improvement of society by 
the diiiusiou of knowledge. Playmates at that home 
there were lew or none, and glimpses of life, child life 
and other, away from the enchanted spot, showed the 
trinity of weakness, paiu and sin in stronger colors than 
our Wonderer's tender vision could bear without sym- 
pathetic proniptiugs to subdue that living chaos of ig- 
norance and vice and woe, or to be spent in the attempt. 
And then, according to the Scotchman's theory, with 
knowledge and education as means, came religion, the 
maid divme, as an end to which all ordinary means 
Should be subordinated,- as a millennial harbinger,- as 
a guide to a future state of endless bliss, the natural 
result of a happy life on earth spent in the society of 
christian philosophers. — Such was the dream our 
Wonderer dreamed as he held the Scotsman's volumes 
and read them in the fourteenth year of his age stretched 
in hat cradle which was even then but little too small 
for him; and the sights, and sounds of that dream seemed 
1 ve the cradle songs which hovered around the earliest 
1 t'e of that child, seemed like the smiles and sunlight 
and beautiful world which opened to the earliest vision 
of that healthy infaut awaking from dreams of paradise 
to find the reality more glorious than the dream. 



30 
The Beautiful World Beyond 
the horizon! There earth and sky, the real and the 
ideal shall verily meet; for is not that world to be en- 
lightened and evangelized by the torch-bearers of sci- 
ence and holiness? The wonderer must soon become a 
wanderer and set out upon his wanderings, well con- 
tent if horse and foot and railway lead not astray his 
life farther from paths of prudence and safety, fchan 
his mental and moral guides lead his mind and heart 
from the narrow roads of truth and duty. Farewell! 
home and kindred! playmate and lover! Another 
Dante treads the infernal shades and purgatorial twi- 
light; and, also the celestial summits, which are bright- 
ened by colors more enchanting than morn or sunset 
but lost in the light of perfect and endless day. No 
one Virgil nor Beatrice treads by his side nor leads the 
way; yet the voice of intellect and the vision of beauty 
never failed to guide our Wanderer in his wanderings. 

The Beautiful World Within 
the horizon! The fireside and portico and shade-tree 
hallowed by a father's love and wisdom! The small 
but long unbroken family circle around the hearth or at 
the board where father, mother, sister and brother met! 
The old school-house in the fair fields by the road side! 
The church and the court-house, the store and the vil- 
lage; the river and the town; the sycamore and the 
graves its branches covered; the mountain and the 
brook that flowed through the hollow near it; and— and 
— pulse of my beating heart, wake! O awake! 
"My Mary's asleep by thy murmuring stream; 
Flow gently, sweet Afton, disturb not her dream!" 
And yet from this scene of bliss, in the morning of 
life, our Wanderer tore himself again and again, only to 
return to breathe, the divine atmosphere of the natal 
spot, not in old age and after wanderings over land and 
sea like the bird fluttering with last strength, to the 
bough from which it took wing the first time, but after 
absence of a week, a month, and never more than three 
months until all the treasures of that horizon were gar- 
nered in the bright creation of the Wanderer's own 
home where balmy love had nestled — until the treas- 
ures without and within that Wanderer's horizon, and 
without and within that Wanderer's soul, had with 
arms of labor been garnered as the iruit of skill obtained 
by apprenticeship and wandering and wondering. The 
Susquehanna river country in the soft air and bright 
sunshine ot May, seemed as near the land of Beulah 
and the DelectauJe Mountains as he had ever been, and 
on the same journey, New York seemed to him like 
the veritable financial heart which sends its life bjood 
to the remotest parts of the body of this continent: and 
the river Connecticut and the Yale college buildings 



31 

ami the city of Boston, and the State of .Massachusetts 
in which Emerson and Sumner then lived, seemed to 
till the Wanderer's lungs with the atmosphere of Athens 
breathed in that elder day by Plato, Aristotle, Socrates 
and Pericles; but the old town of Newmarket where 
Salyards was then living and where he has since died,- 
the old court-house in the county town among the Vir- 
ginia hills and mountains where culture did not deny 
her wreath to a village lawyer nor eloquence refuse to 
touch with her coal of fire the lips even of a village 
politician, nor science and skill withhold the crown of 
merit from a surgeon and author,- the darling room in 
the farm-house among the wood-lands, the books, the 
pen, the grove sacred to thought and song — all these 
things combined to balance the charms of the beautiful 
world within the horizon against the beautiful world 
without the horizon, and for a season at least, to chain 
the Wanderer with the spell of gentlest, holiest influ- 
ence, to the township in which he was born. 
Sojourner and Wanderer. 

Thus early did experience, the safest monitor of man, 
teach our Wanderer that traveling, except for purpo- 
ses of science or business, is a mania, and that whoso 
cannot be a citizen should strive to be a sojourner,- 
that poverty* cometh as upon one that traveleth, and 
want as an armed man upon him to whom the cumula- 
tive advantages of long residence are denied,- that all 
that people learn by selling their land to see other 
people's is that each section and people are blessed by 
nature alike because where something is given some- 
thing is also taken, and that as the soul is no wanderer 
so the wise man will earn a home and live in it. An- 
chored fast by desks and bookcases of his own, with his 
own press and type to catch each thought which nature 
and the soul shall send him, without a mortgage on 
the home that shelters his loved ones and without a 
cent of debt in the world,- he hopes that his wander- 
ings may be forgotten and that they may cease forever 
unless they lead him into the wider opportunity which 
exists in the literary circles of New York or London 
cities. With hunger and nakedness and debt and pov- 
erty — the first-born of the world — he gladly journeys, 
a pilgrim of eternity though sitting year by year in the 
same spot, a wanderer in search of liberty. Worthiest 
sons ot men have held the pilgrim's wooden staff which 
supported an exile's lot; but in free America surely the 
mind may wander as it pleases on its errands after 
truth; and the heart may nestle in any spot protected 
by the constitutions, the laws and the bonny blue flag- 
in any spot where an honest and holy life can draw 
food from the soil, wisdom from the air and virtue from 
the sunlight. 

And yet our Wanderer cannot forget his travels as 
student, as laborer, as editor, as publisher, as teacher; 
or even as politician! The printer, lawyer, and author 



were somewhat chained to a single .spot and com, e:ij I 
to forego the pleasure oi wood-land walks and saunter - 
ings in green fields listening to the music oi' birds and 
streamlets; yet a little spot of valley and a few miles ot 
mountain seen from the window amid the hotels and 
buildings of the town, and the landscape which would 
have delighted the eye of Raphael the Divine, which 
looked in upon the little press and its owner wheu, 
in the country, during weary months the art preserv- 
ative of all aits was bending to receive the Sojour- 
ner's apprenticeship,; and the glances from earth to 
heaven which aided imagination and reason and the 
author's pen in turning thought into form and furnish- 
ing habitation for what was, and too often still is, airy 
nothingness! — all these views of nature remind the So- 
journer of the days when he was a Wanderer and make 
him half afraid to become a citizen. 

The character of student has always clung to our 
Wanderer and Sojourner, Indeed, this of study, has 
been the principal business of his life. Place him under 
any circumstances short of physical exhaustion pro- 
duced by too much manual labor, or spiritual exhaus- 
tion produced by the worthless and vile company with 
which he has. frequently been thrown into straits, and 
the Wanderer is first of all a Wonderer who requires 
countless volumes to do justice to his wontlerings — his 
dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before. 

That study or wonder should have dangers for the 
body which bides at borne nor looks abroad, may seem 
strange; but yet in our Wonderer's case this seems to 
be true. The facts are as follows: — 

The Wonderer's brother, absent from home, had 
asked the wondering brother to take a blind horse from 
the pasture at noon, give him water, and put him into 
the field again. The studious boy could ill spare time 
even for such jobs; because, just then he was reading 
up "The Lairs of Life," and about noon had struck the 
story of k -Handsoine Stupidity'-, written by Br. Jackson. 
But, taking a light switch in one hand to guide the old, 
fat, blooded war horse, our student held the pamphlet 
in the other band as he rode leisurely, without a bridle, 
to and from the watering place, when, after re-entering 
the field, partly to keep the horse away from the fence 
and partly from mischief and thoughtlessness, as the 
student rolled off of the horse he tapped the animal 
with the switch, and as the youth reached the ground. 
the animal tapped hiin with one of his heels at the side 
of the left eye. (tutting open the skin and flesh and leav- 
ing a mark for life which some one once said resembled 
the result of a fist fight about the freedom of the will. 

The town may have its cosy firesides and elegant- 
parlors, but nothing like the balmy air and sunshine 
which embalm the recollections of childhood and youth 
spent in study, work and play on a farm which was 
consecrated by a home of health, peace, plenty and 



33 

wisdom,- can so well move the pen, or type, or tongue, 
or hand in manhood's years amid the madding crowd's 
ignoble strife. 

Even the rudeness of nature and society as it is found 
in the woods of America, has its charms for the student. 
Forests falling to give shelter and bread to the rough 
and bearded foresters, who with all their coarseness are 
the product of the soil upon which they stand, as real- 
ly as the trees at their sides: and if these sons of toil 
cannot bear the sight of a studious form, and are apt 
to use their feet in imitation of the old war horse,- why 
go to dead Europe for a more vital and important fact! 
That fruit which is produced by the wild vigor of 
nature has the most grateful flavor, and if the flowers 
of early eastern society can be surpassed in beauty and 
fragrauce by the genius of the new world, then part of 
the riddle of human destiny is solved. 

There was, during an early period, much inclination 
manifested on the part of certain persons to demon- 
strate to our Sojourner's satisfaction that be is "better 
than other people", and should take advice and become 
a little Mogul in some little home, church, school, pro- 
fession, &c. This hint not having been taken by So- 
journer, the same kind friends and others, and the nat- 
ural consequences of sitting too long iu one spot in old 
clothes, gazing at sunsets, pages of books, and at the 
faces of stupid people,- all warned the Sojourner that 
his sojourning at that point was coming to an end and 
that in fact he might have to tramp, to wander; that 
he was u no better than other people", not as good in 
fact for almost anybody, black or white, could become 
a good unskilled Laborer. 

Our Sojourner was rather fond than otherwise of see- 
ing life from plough-tail, from seedfields and harvest 
fields, from among the laborers on the public road, and 
from all kinds of manual labor in which the eye need 
not be jaundiced by the false colors of foolish theories 
and practices and need not receive the sickly impress- 
ions which natural objects make upon many so-called 
children of culture. He had for years thus been look- 
ing at life in the intervals of study, and when the em- 
pire of the father gave way to the empire of reason, at 
21 years of age, he made a bundle of a few working 
clothes and wandered into a county which with its rich 
land had the reputation of working laborers in harness 
as horses are worked, and hanging people who said 
"Nay!" to such a system of labor. The sound of the 
threshing machine was heard in that land, and though 
sheaf cutting was amusement for our Wanderer when 
a proper knife was provided, he had not entered upon 
this first work of his majority more than five minutes 
when a gash laid open his left hand almost on a line 
with his thumb, and the mark is there as plainly as 
six mouths afterward although fourteen years have 
passed away, and there it will remain until the hand 



34 

itself crumbles into dust — a perpetual reminder that a 
mau may sometimes be more severely punished for try- 
ing to do what is right than if he is careless of duties 
and like a vegetable grows where he is planted and 
lies where he is thrown. A shout of derision arose 
from the laborers, a little sympathy was shown by the 
proprietor, and the Wanderer returned home somewhat 
discouraged, only to pass the line of his state and 
read a philosophical dictionary and other similar books 
whilst his hand healed a little. In less than a week 
from the time of the accident, he was offering his ser- 
vices to a good old bachelor farmer who had lost a 
plough-boy. ZSText morning, one week from the day 
when, and in a field not two miles distant from the 
spot where, the injury was received, with a hand still 
ugly and sore, our Wanderer began to break ground in 
a twenty acre field which with three horses and a 
heavy plough and some work at threshing wheat and 
hauling water, enabled him to sojourn in that section 
during the dry August of 1872. With a month's wages 
as a financial basis, and a failure to work efficiently or 
acceptably in digging a railway cut, he wandered from 
that county to another, visited a learned Quaker, read 
his books, enjoyed his conversation and hospitality, 
completed a journey on foot of 75 miles or more, and 
then by railway visited the superintendent of schools 
in another county, refused to teach there, returned 
again to the old homestead there to remain with books 
and authorship and farm work three years, until again 
as laborer in another county he earned the two dollars 
which were all the money in his pocket when he was 
married and all lie could expect without first earning it 
for five years and then only $500, his father's legacy. 

Surely wandering is ended now! "Staying" or sojour- 
ning is iu order. Several months passed as day laborer 
and not then from absolute necessity but from grateful 
choice, have so far ended the triumph over the Sojourn- 
er enjoyed by some little men and women who are weak 
enough to believe that honest labor defiles honest hands 
and pollutes noble spirits. — But wandering is not yet 
over as will be seen when the occupations of printing, 
publishing, and have beeu referred to in the Open Let- 
ter to Subscribers. 

The Teacher is a wanderer, a sojourner. In the days 
when laws of supply and demand furnished teaches s 
constant, remunerative employment, our Sojourner was 
obliged to sojourn only 4£ months out of 20 before his 
majority and in spite "of dog fights and cat fights for 
public schools only tt months out 30 since that time, the 
first time 3 miles and the second time 40 miles 5 months 
and 8 miles 1 mouth, away from home. 

But "The Old Runaway" is the successful politician, 
and the official returns of votes cast in 1879 for candi- 
dates for the Virginia legislature, settled the question in 
time and forever whether or not our Wanderer shall be 
such a runaway. 






35 
Wandering and sojourning, or law, teaching, editing, 
oublishing, laboring electioneering, authorship, and 
every form of action into which our Wanderer has been 
led or driven, are only the scaffolding of an edifice which 
he has been trying to build, viz., his studies or wonder- 
ing—social, literary, political, religious, philosophical 
—and which also by the piofane will be called wan- 
derings and passed in contempt or with uncomplimen- 
tary emendations. 



ATS OPEN LETTER TO SUBSCRIBERS 

TO 

"The Tribune of The People." 
I started The Tribune in April, 1882. It was then 
a small four page paper. I enlarged the 2nd. number 
to 8 pages, the 3rd. to 16 pages, the 4th. and 5th. to 
24 and 28, and the 6th. to 32 pages, when it was re- 
duced to a 24 page pamphlet wi h heavy colored cover. 
I had little money to spare for the enterprise and was 
compelled to print these pamphlets, a page at a time, 
on a Number 2, Self-inking, Model Press. Nineteen 
hundred copies of the large W page pamphlet, and 1500 
G ipies with pages nearly »s large, of the 28 page pam- 
phlet, were printed on this small press. 

If I had little money to buy my printing office, I had 
less mechanical ingenuity than money and no skill nor 
experience which to use the press and type after I had 
paid for them. With the help and sympathy of my 
most dear friend, type-setting, press work, binding and 
mailing were reduced to an art which did not disown 
the fraction of skill which blessed our untiring effort. 

The duties and labors of a canvasser and publisher 
iell upon me alone. Several thousand miles of travel 
over the valley counties, mostly on foot, a trip by rail 
to Maryland and Pennsylvania, and the active and ex- 
pert yet fair and just busiress methods used in can- 
vassing, together with the sympathy and patronage 
which you, my subscribers and advertisers so cordially 
extended to me, resulted in the rapid growth of the 
publication in size and circulation, which (although 
the pamphlet was published only quarterly), was little 
short of marvelous, considering the difficulties to be 
overcome from first to last. Among these difficulties 
were the spending of money that could ill be spared, as 
well as the loss of several days 7 time (on the average) 
every week and not less than one day any week, and 
the outlay of labor, care aud thought — for the benefit 
of my law office, which was in Woodstock, three miles 
from my residence where The Tribune was printed, and 
which distance gave me a walk of six miles in all 
weathers, each day the law office was kept open. Be- 
sides the necessity of being at my law office each week 
there were bright eyes and smiling faces at home which 



36 

more than once brought me home over thirty or fifty 
miles of railway, out of sections which yielded abundant 
harvests to the labors of the publisher. 

The work which thus piled itself upon the shoulders 
of one man who was printer, publisher and lawyer, was 
by no means as difficult as the editorial work, if this 
one fact is taken into consideration: — For the enter- 
prise to succeed, it was absolutely necessary that the 
contents of the pamphlet possessed as much vitality 
and originality as were connected with printing and 
publishing it and as much more strength and useful in- 
vention as possible: Until one interest absorbed every 
other, original accounts of farms and methods of farm- 
ing, factories, mechanics, inventors, inventions, manu- 
facturers and manufactured articles, schools and teach- 
ers, and items of valley history— all gathered from lo- 
calities visited — entered into the table of contents 3ot 
a line was clipped for any number. In an old mill at 
Greenmount, Rockingham Co., Va., whilst waiting for 
the miller, I picked up a Cincinnati paper left on some 
sacks of grain, and read: "The best teachers of farming 
are the farmers themselves." Henceforth I tilled note- 
books with the talk of farmers, I taking upon myself 
the responsibility of the authorship and placing the 
farmer's name and post-office at the end of his article, 
which generally contained but a single paragraph. I 
had lived nearly all my life upon farms, and as I 
walked with farmers among their buildings, over their 
fields, or sat by their firesides or on their porticoes, I 
was able to direct their conversation to such processes, 
implements, &c, as had proven most valuable in opera- 
ting upon those portions of the animal, vegetable and 
mineral kingdoms, which came under their management, 
not even omitting the proper treatment of laborers and 
of the farmer's own family and the farmer's demand 
for good government. The golden apples of law and 
literature, which my right and left hands were eager to 
pluck, are naught beside the gems richer than Golcon- 
da's which, are everywhere waiting for the crown which 
the farmers of the country will place upon the dead 
or living head of him who as such editor will, do such 
work well though Homer like he must pass unknown 
and unnoticed among them and beg his bread. The 
misfortune wdl be that the pay will come too soon — 
that merchants and politicians will convert the author 
and prophet into a huckster and a partisan. When I 
visited Chainbersburg in 1884, from the knowledge of 
the country gathered then and in passing over it to 
Philadelphia and Boston in 1872, 1 was convinced that 
The Cumberland Valley alone would contribute a guano 
sack full of twenty-five cent pieces, ready to be piled on 
the top of as nntiij which Virginia or any State of the 
Union in which the farmers are a majority, will contrib- 
ute to such a work as the Tribune's, welf done: because 
in that field the harvest is dead ripe, and efficient la- 
borers, there are few, or none. 



37 

I have long since been conscious that, as editor, prin- 
ter and publisher of The Tribune, I earned a hundred 
or a hundred thousand times more money and curses 
than I received; but I am free to say that I never in 
so short a time received so large and so certain an 
income from so small and so uacertain an investment, 
and this, too, in spite of the fact, that, if I swindled you, 
my dear patrons, I was also swindled by the large 
measure with which I measured unto you, and by sub- 
scribers who took my paper and never paid for it. My 
swindling, if I did any of it, was the result of circum- 
stances — inability to furbish 32 page pamphlets during 
each quarter of the 1J years that the pamphlet was de- 
voted almost exclusively to agriculture. Perhaps some 
papers were lost in the mails. The post-masters, with 
perhaps one exception, accorded me the rights which 
the laws guarantee to the free press. Many persons 
who paid 10 cents for an 8 page paper received pam- 
phlets which averaged more than 20 pages, and worth 
25 cents. Most of my subscribers, who paid 25 cents, 
the price of one year's subscription to the enlarged and 
improved Tribune, received the paper 1£ and 2 years 
— value for value, measured on my side in the good old 
way: a measure, full; the grain, of due weight, of ex- 
cellent quality, pressed down, heaped up, and running 
over. — Only in one county and in two small neighbor- 
hoods in other counties, did Night come near covering 
me with her mantle, during my numerous and arduous 
travels as publisher, before I could tind a place to lay 
my head, on which the frost or dew was falling. I sent 
my paper in payment for meals and lodging, but in a 
hundred instances no charge was made; in a dozen ca- 
ses the paper was so sent under protest, the persons 
being willing to feed me, lodge me, and pay for the 
paper, besides. 

During the last illness of Mahomet, he said from his 
pulpit, u Has any one been despoiled of his goods? The 
little that I possess shall compensate both the principal 
and the interest of the debt." "Yes," replied a voice 
from the crowd, "I am entitled to three drams of silver.' 7 
Mahomet heard the complaint, satisfied the demand, 
and thanked his creditor for accusing* him in this world 
rather than at the day of judgment. 

Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 
ehapter, 50. 

I often had this item of biography in my mind, since 
I was unable to print as many 32 page Tribunes as I 
promised, and furnished 24 page papers instead, be- 
cause I did not go on and do a work, the importance of 
which I then felt and still feel, but which I, perhaps, 
cannot do as well as some other persons. Numbers of 
the new Tribune, will, if there be no misfortune, sick- 
ness, accident, or death, just ahead of us, be sent to 
such of the few of 500 my subscribers as had a right to 
expect 32, instead of 24 page pamphlets. 



38 
EXTRACTS 

FBOM 

"The Tribune of the People." 

The Tribune will teach the importance and necessity 
of Thought and Labor, of temperance and honesty- of 
a great deal less smartness and rascality; a great deal 
more true goodness, real greatness, and noble character. 
It believes that self-reliance, industry, honesty, temper- 
ance, intelligence, make the successful man, measuring 
success by dollars or otherwise. 

Money is not the first fact in anything; not even in 
money making. If a man only thinks of getting money, 
no matter how,- that will be the surest way not to get 
money. Labor, skill, and all sterling virtues, must first 
exist in the man himself, and he must transfer these 
virtues to his life. Then, money follows, as the shadow 
follows the substance. 

Among the iarms, as frequently as elsewhere, are 
found persons to whom that omnipotent dollar is a very 
impotent dollar. Such people are content with food, 
raiment, a good name enrolled in the short and simple 
annals of the neighborhood, and ten, fifty, or one hun- 
dred, acres of land which are slowly and surely grow- 
ing better under their hands. Peace, plenty, and con- 
tentment, are the great gain which such people most 
highly prize. 

The labors of some of the best, busiest and longest 
lives, did not leave a dollar behind them. The graves 
of men and women whose lives were bliss and whose la- 
bors are earth 'a best treasures, are unmarked and un- 
known. A hand that is able and willing to work,- a 
head that can distinguish the true from the false,- a 
heart which constantly says, u Do right!" and a life of 
honest industry which earns all it uses and wastes 
nothing — are worthier "success", than dimes and dollars, 
and titles and flattery. (Volume n. 



A VIEW OF THE SITUATION. 



Unfortunately for the people of the United States, 
politics has become a profession; not a learned profess- 
ion like law or medicine, but a trade as filthy as the 
scavenger's, as cruel as the butcher's, and as disrep- 
utable as the trade of the gambler. Public questions 
are not viewed in the light of reason. Men who^e lives 
are reckless and whose fortunes are desperate, make 
platforms to deceive the people who are led by the no- 
ses by means of election machines and electioneering 
machinery. Important questions are settled, not in 
harmony with the eternal laws and facts which control 
human existence, but in accordance with the personal 
and sectional whims, rivalries, and ambition, which for 
the moment occupy the vantage-ground of public notice 



39 
and are most active, not in deserving, but in securing, a 
favorable public opinion. Yet, whoever speaks or 
writes, upon moral, social and political questions 
should endeavor to tell the truth and great masses of 
the truth, whenever that is possible, and when that is 
impossible, endeavor to tell no lies and to say "Amen" 
to bo lie, though said lie be spoken by those who wear 
the livery of heaven and represent all the gold or other 
brute power of the earth. 

The Tariff represents an irrepressible conflict be- 
tween the Steam Engine and the Plow — between the 
agricultural and manufacturing systems. Bounties, to 
the North, in the shape of high tariffs, caused one civil 
war, and may cause others. The farmer wants all the 
Free Trade he can get and for years he has been unable 
to get all the Free Trade that he needs. The farmer 
wants a farmer's tariff, and such a tariff includes Pro- 
tection of such articles as wool and woolen goods. The 
manufacturers want nearly all the Protection they can 
keep, and many of them have grown rich upon the 
tariff legislation of the last twenty-five years. The 
South and West represent agricultural populations, ag- 
ricultural soils, agricultural climates, against the man- 
ufacturing climate, manufacturing country, and manu- 
facturing people of New Eugland, New York and Penn- 
sylvania, re enforced at present by the gold and bonds 
of Wall Street. A glance at the map of the United 
States, shows that this state of things cannot last for- 
ever, and when Commerce again comes to the help of 
the Plow, Patriotism must be careful that Yankee In- 
vention and ingenuity and tbe gold of Wall Street are 
again ready to protect the nation from the avarice and 
extortion of foreign manufacturers, and from the scarci- 
ty of manufactured articles which might in that case 
result from foreign or domestic war. — It is abomina- 
ble that the blood, and brains, and life of the republic, 
are staked upon an issue, which, at best, involves but 
the. huuting of a little filthy lucre; but the abomina- 
tion ceases to be quite so great when it is remembered 
that the whole duty of civilized man is as accurately 
included in the following formula as in any other: — 
"Thou shaft not steal; thou shalt not be stolen from." 

The Negro is here, for good or evil; for good and evil, 
like the balance of us. The American Idea, which 
permits all of us to do the best for ourselves that we 
cau do, although we do not do as much good for our- 
selves as a strong European government does for its 
subjects — this same American policy presides over the 
destiny of the Negro, and we have but to watch the re- 
sults of freedom upon the African race, aiming only to 
repress vice, promote virtue, dispel ignorance, diffuse 
knowledge, encourage industry, economy and enterprise. 
Another view is, that the negro must play second fiddle 
to the white man, or go; and another view, still, is, 



40 
that, "The hapless nigger and his coon dog, will vanish 
into utmost space." 

The Kail ways must serve the people and not master 
them: but the people must be careful in appropriating 
to themselves the earnings of a corporation, for the rea- 
son that a monopoly which the effect of sagacity, enter- 
prise, capital, and of effort continued through years of 
defeat and discouragement, is as really and legally the 
property of a company as the business of a lawyer or 
merchant which has been created under similar circum- 
stances. 

The Growth of Luxury should be repressed in the 
wealthy cities and districts where it exists, to the end 
that all citizens may obtain work and such wages for 
their work as will place within the reach of every de- 
serving person the comforts and necessaries of life. The 
lion, feeding on flesh, requires a thousand acres to sus- 
tain him, and only one good acre is needed to sustain 
the ox, which feeds on herbs; and yet the ox is the 
more useful animal. In like manner, one acre well cul- 
tivated, will support an honest, temperate and industri- 
ous man and his family, while a thousand acres are fre- 
quently insufficient to support a drunken, gluttonous, 
lecherous, ambitious, proud, tyrannical, gambling dandy. 

The Township System, which makes the school-house 
and not the court house the centre of political, social, 
and intellectual power, is the crowning feature of rad- 
ical democracy or republicanism; but, unless the expe- 
rience of the Northern and Western States of the Union 
demonstrates the wisdom of that polity, the social sys- 
tem of the South should be preserved, because the 
county may yet be the safest political unit and the per- 
petuity of free institutions may be found after lapse of 
time to depend upon a social system divided into class- 
es like those which prevail in the Southern States of 
the Union. 

The Democratic and Republican Parties should un- 
derstand their history and mission. Grantism and 
Mahoneism are misrepresentations of Sumnerism and 
Greeleyism. Land for the landless, or homes for the 
homeless, and free schools, free libraries, and a post- 
office practically free to all, are all that are of value 
in the history <»f the Republican Party. Local State 
governments, m gainst centralization, monarchy, and the 
avarice of traders and manufacturers, are the records 
of the Democratic party that will live, written though 
be with the blood of a million of men at the cost of a 
billion of treasure. 

True and False Aristocracies exist alike in the Nor- 
thern aristocracy of money and in the Southern aristoc- 
racy of steel and blood. The real teachers and real 
governors of the nation should be recognized as they 
arise wheresoever they arise, for they and they alone 
are the morning and the evening stars, the sun and the 
moon, which measure the days, the nights, the years > 
and the epochs of a nation's destiny. 



41 

Morals are the soul of a free people, and unless they 
are guarded most vigilantly, freedom is impossible. 

Religion must not degenerate into the worship of 
success in any sphere; because in the face of defeat and 
failure, its spirit and purpose ever continues to be, the 
reformation and purification of custom, and the transla- 
tion into the unmusical language of man of the eternal 
melodies heard by poets 

44 Who sung 
Divine Ideas below, 
Which always find us young, 
And always keep us so.? 

These topics, and such as these, demand the atten- 
tion of considerate men of all parties. The elective 
franchise should express a public sentiment which has 
been purified by good schools, good churches, and es- 
pecially by a literature with which printing has much 
less to do than is generally supposed — literature which 
is a genuine and deadly warfare between all the powers 
of darkness and of light, as these powers are found in 
.human society and in the human soul; a literature that 
preserves in the heart of man the undying hope that 
Oood will be victorious over Evil. 



SCRAWLS from the WALLS 

OF 

A THIKKER'S WORKSHOP. 

1. Virtuous youth is more venerable than vicious age, 

2. The seven parts of modern civilized society, are ? 
the court-house, the jail-house, the alms-house, the mad- 
house, the school-house, the meeting-house, and the 

dwelling-house. 

3. Learning finds its golden age in the past; genius, 
in the future; virtue, in the present. 

4. One woman's heart is worth ten men's heads. 

5. Be just and generous before you are "fast" and 
fashionable. 

6. Do not run nor fight too soon when you cannot 
have your own way: some other people's thoughts, words 
and deeds may be better than your own. 

7. Good foes are the best friends: they put their fin- 
gers on ©ur faults and tell us to "Heal those sore places." 

8. Dollars can be coined out of the bullion of mora} 
character, and loaves can be baked out of the flour of 
integrity. * 

9. All that is on, in, and around, this earth, is sacred. 

10. Do not level up nor down to blackguards, and 
show no more charity than you can. 

11. Pigmies are pigmies, though perched on Alps; a 
spider is a spider, though embalmed in amber. 

12. The dignity of human nature is a fiction of the 
poets. 



42 

13. Many orthodox and heterodox creeds, 
though tenaciously held, are only bad excuses 
for bad lives. 

14. Nature's club preceded and followed the 
clubs wielded by heterodox writers and speak- 
ers, and did the work which the writers and 
speakers are unable to do. 

15. In the small, broken mirror of language, 
the greatest teachers have pictured to the soul 
only a half syllable from unspeakable, unimag- 
inable, eternal, infinite Nature. 

16. A little enthusiasm is still left in some 
communities of opinion; but most people inher- 
it their opinions as they do their property—be- 
cause it is easy, profitable and fashionable so 
to do. 

17. The purposes of ease, profit and fashion 
answered, most partisans stand on their feet as 
squarely and firmly as the freest of free think- 
ers and free actors. 

18. Performance, and not pretension, is the 
index of character. 

19. Learning, Genius and Virtue are the offi- 
ces, and Ignorance, Imbecility and Vice, rattle 
in every place which the foolish world expects 
them to till. 

20. The legal, medical and clerical professions 
fade into thin air, when they touch the possess 
ions of learning, genius and virtue. 

21. Order, Economy and Contentment pro 
duce Happiness when thev cast out the demons 
of Laziness, Extravagance, Improvidence, and 
take possession of a life. 



STTJDEJNTT 

TRIBTJ^TE, 
VOL. V; 
POEMS. 



THE MUSE OF SHENANDOAH. 

An* now to woman's soft white hand 

A holy thing I give; 
And with it a divine command, 

Which, oh! obey and live. 



43 

Here is a child's most beauteous corse, 
And I can watch no more; 

Go, bury it without remorse, 

The Muse of Shenandoah. 

Bed children of the forest roved 

O'er black's and white's roof-tree; 
Of all the vales one most they loved, 

Its name, the child's yom see. 
Ye queens of song, whose fame of yore, 

Now lives in living eyes, 
Inter the muse ot Shenandoah, 

The daughter of the skies. 

Now Landon from her bower comes; 

A book of verse she brings: 
Of woman's love she soitly hums; 

Ot purest life she siugs. 
Wilt thou, O morning star ot love! 

And first of all these lour, 
Sing requiem lor what above 

Was muse of Shenandoah? 

Felieia Hemans next appears; 

The christian's book she holds; 
Bedewed with christian mother's tears, 

Her book of poems moulds. 
Canst thou, ot prayer and creed the slave, 

O spirit born to soar! 
XjcAQst seize the spade and fill the grave, 

The muse' of Shenandoah? 

The pantheistic Browning walks 

ine worlds without, within, 
And granuiy, solemnly she talks 

Of things that seem a sin. 
May'st tfiou, seer of believing doubt, 

Who lov'st the ocean's roar — 
Dar'st raise oue ska it at, on, about, 

The muse of Shenandoah? 



Wealth, faith and fame have often built 

The Muses' earthly tomb; 
The wit, the grace, the truth of guilt, 

As oft have struck time's womb. 
Abortions are all poet's past, 

But stars their radiance pour; 
This beauteous corse is not the last, 
This muse of Shenandoah. 



44 
Mounts , hills and vales of paradise, 

They thrill, are thrilled by song* 
Unknown the daughters of the skies, 

They die; their harp unstrung. 
From foreign hands, O Harp! receive 

A grave near Ocean's shore! 
For thee Sigourney long will grieve, 

O Muse of Shenandoah! 



Note. — An Indian orator who passed 
through this valley years ago, is reported to 
have said, "The people of the Shenandoah 
Valley live in heaven and don't know it." 

"Shenandoah" is an Indian word which, 
it is said, means, "Child of the Skies." 



THE NORTH AMERICAN REPUBLIC. 
The North American Republic woke 
And thus the genii of her story spoke. 

Columbus said. "O virgin of the west! 
Mine own Columbia! flow thou art blest! 
An orphan child, what perils have been thine! 
But only flight can save a maid divine. 
Say, in what gloomy glen or cave didst thou 
"With Alpine mountains wrap thy radiant brow, 
And trust the eagles for thy daily food. 
And rest in peace, as doth the heavenly brood, 
When I from toil and wandering sat down 
Within the shadow of a woman's crown 
And soon for peoples of the east unfurled 
Pure Freedom's banner in the western world! 
Which hero, bard, or saint or sage prevailed 

In wooing thee, when thou wast so well veiled 
From eyes of beastly men? Did cavalier 

From English realm, or German pioneer, 
Or French adventurer obtain thy love. 
And o'er Atlantic billows bid thee move? 
Or then did one pure spirit worship thee 
And bid thee give a world its liberty 1 ? 

"Far, far from me, to raise a sound of storm 
And ask the hallowed presence of thy form 
Forever in my little western world: 
For thou hast been and art the image curled 
In airy forms around the sun and stars, 
Which now and then 'twixt seasons of earth's 

wars, 
Doth float in visions of a burning bush 
In holy mounts, and when a hermit flush 



45 
With youth and truth has dreamed the 

world's first dream, 
There's naught in nature save the things 

which seem 
Thine own surpassing strength, and health 

and beauty, 
Which rouse in him the whole of human duty.'? 

And when the great Columbus ceased to 
speak, 
Two forms with earthly voice* far more weak 
Than their strong chieftain's, uttered strangest 

words — 
For both were men of lore. 

The first 
Was Thomas Jefferson, and thus he spoke: 

"As all men are created equal, free,- 
JSndowed by nature's hand with rights to life, 
To liberty — pursuit of happiness — 
So to secure these human rights, the states 
Are made by man, for man, and states rule 

man 
With justice only when just men rule states, 
Creating safety/ welfare, liberty. 

"The name of this Confed'racy shall be 
United States of North America. 
Each State retains its own State Sovereignty, 
Its freedom, independence, every power 
Except that named in terms as followeth: — 

"United people of united States 
To form a more united union, 
And to create and execute good laws, 
And give posterity its liberties,- 
A nation's constitution now ordain. 
The senators and representatives 
Shall make the nation's laws; the Court 
Supreme, construe the nation's laws; the ■ 

president 
Shall execute the nation's laws. And States 
Shall give full credit to each other's acts; 
And Congress shall secure good government, 
And civil rights, in each and every State." 

"Some words of Washington's. 'As 
President, 
Once more /speak to all my countrymen. 

"'You must maintain the nation's sov'reignty, 
Main pillar of your Independence Hall. 
If e'er internal foes strike this support, 
External batteries aim to do the same,- 
Teach them the nation's union is for all,- 
Your love for it, warm, strong, immutable,- 



46 
Your care for it, a jealous anxiousness,- 
And your indignant frown at the first dawn 
Of each attempt to alienate one state 
Or count}' from the rest, or to make weak 
The sacred ties which hold the various parts. 477 

The second form: 
Charles Sumner: thus he spoke: — 

"The nation's senatorial chairs 
Are lofty pulpits in the church of truth, 
And the republic's capitolian dome, 
A mighty sounding-board; the human race, 
The auditors, and the whole western world, 
The congregation . 

"The soldiers do not gain the greatest 

victories. 
O no, by no means! Not when swords Ghange 

hands, 
Do eagles perch upon the conquerors. 
O no, by no means! Not triumphal march, 
But promised Laws for man's and woman's 

Eights, 
Have been achieved as victories of war. 
Establishment of every human right, 
Is consummation of our government, 
Without which government is hard to bear. 
Free school, free lecture, and free library: 
These are companions in the mighty group 
Of every civilized democracy. 
Each ounce of solace and each pound of strength 
Should be a garment or a gem for those 
Who, sick, need care, and erring, tenderness," 

"The words of Our Good President. 'All 
men 
Are equal. In old Independence Hall 
Our fathers said, "We hold self-evident, 
These truths." This declaration promise gave 
That in onr time, weights shall be lifted from 
The Shoulders of all men: hereafter all 
Should have an equal chance.'" 

"'All persons held as slaves 
Shall be henceforward and forever free; 
And on this act, believed an act of justice, 
Descend, considerate judgment of mankind, 
And gracious favor of Almighty God. 4 " 



The North American Republic slept; 
It slept, it dreamed, and in its dreams it WEPT, 





47 




NOTE.— 


Persons who prefer so 


to do, may 


read, 








The 


State 


Is made by 


maa, for man, &c. 




See page 45 







A TOUR 

AMONG THE ElCH AND POOR. 

As the light of the sun 
On cold hills of a vale, 
Through the clouds that are cold 
As the midwinter's gale, 
Is the child of vile lust 
In the forest of life, 
When the man is a wreck 
And the woman, a wife. 

As the light of the moon 
In the murmuring stream, 
When the fountains are warm 
And the icicles gleam, 
Is the fire of the fates 
In the furnace of strife, 
When the woe of the wicked 
With terror is rife. 



As the voice of the mountain 
When twilight has gone 
To the echoes of words 
And of times that have flown, 
Is the dream of the young 
In the evening of age; 
But the bright star of hope 
Is The Bliss of The Sage. 



JUDAISM AM) CHRISTIANITY. 

When Moses sang the morn 
Of nature's natal day, 
The myths of eld he did adorn 
With genius' concentrated ray, 
And to the Jewish tribes, forlorn, 
From wealth and poverty be came, 
And on the ages wrote his name, 
By best communing with his God, 
By breaking an oppressor's rod, 
By giving slaves the liberty. 
The laws, the customs of the free; 
And, dying in the path he trod, 
To kings and prophets yet to be, 
Gave birth, gave immortality. 



48 
O harp of poesy 
Once struck by Judah's sage! 
O holy, holiest ecstasy! 
O noblest, calmest, purest rage! 
Thou soul of wisest prophecy, 
That did a heaven to demons bring, 
When thy chaste life and muse did sing 
Of every lowly duty done,- 
Temptations conquered one by one,- 
The poor, the sick, the erring loved,- 
The rich, the great, the wise reproved: 
And, dying like God's Only Son: 
One woman friend, one world of foesj- 
Triumphant! life from death arose. 

THE JEWS' THEOCRACY. 



The North American Eepublic claims 
Maternal care from Jews' Theocracy, 
Whose cherished sons are Russia, England, 

Spain . 
The following lines condense prophetic hist'ry 
From words of Moses, Jesus and some saints. 

O Israel! the Lord our God is One. 
Bow not, nor kneel to gods of flesh and stone. 
Take not the name of thy Lord God in vain. 
To life of work and thought and love, add 

rest. 
And feed thy sires if thou wouldst use their 

land. 
Let not thy hand nor soul be red with blood. 
And do not use that which thou hast not earned. 
And be as chaste as God is true and kind. 
And do not lie when thorn dost speak of man. 
And do not lust for wealth, and maids, and fame. 

An angel came to Nazareth in Galilee — 
Came in and unto Mary, virgin chihi 
Of Judah, saying, '-Hail! thou favored one! 
The Lord is with thte; thou art ever blest. ? " 
And Mary said, ""Behold God's handmaiden; 
Be it to me according to thy word." 

To Judah came the wise men of the east 
And said, " Where is the child bora king of 

Jews? 
For we have seen his star and worship him." 
That guiding star showed them the humble 

home 
Where Mary dwelt, and when the young child 

there 



49 
They saw, they worshipped him, presented 

gifts, 
And warned of God, they spake not to the 

king. 
And in those days did John the Baptist 

eonie,- 
He came and preached in Judah's wilderness. 
And said "Repent, for homes of bliss do come. r - 
Then Judah and e'en all Jerusalem, 
And all of Jordan's region round about, 
Went out to him,- in Jordan were baptized. 
The people mused if he were Christ or not. 
John said, "With water I indeed baptize, 
But after me there cometh one whose shoes 
I am not worthy to stoop down and touch: 
He will baptize you with a soul of fire." 
Then John was killed because he told the 

truth. 
Then Jesus' fame went through the region 

round, 
And to the synagogue at Nazareth, 
As custom was, he went one sabbath day, 
And standing up to read, Jews gave to him 
Esaias' book of stirring prophecy. 
Now Jesus finds the place and thus he reads:- 
"The spirit of the Lord is on me now; 
Because he hath anointed me to preach 
The law and gospel to the rich and poor,- 
With words of peace to heal the broken hearts, 
And to the captives preach deliverance,- 
Recovering of sight to ignorance,-* 
Health for the sick and freedom for the slave-— 
To preach the years God made acceptable." 
He shuts the book, sits down, begins to say, 
'•This scripture waits to be fulfilled to-day.' 7 
The Nazarenes rose up and from the hill 
Whereon their city stood, they wished to cast 
Him headlong down; but passing through the 

midst 
Of them, he went his way. 

Capernaum 
Of Galilee he taught on sabbath days:- 
"The beasts of earth and birds of air have 

homes; 
But I have not a place to lay my head. 
A man doth find his foes in his own house; 
But he that loveth parents more than truth, 
And he that loveth kindred more than worth; 
Or loveth friends and lovers more than love — 
All such shall find the dust, but lose the soul: 
For they who speak the truth and do the right 
Are fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters — 
friends." 



50 

And then to Jesus came an ardent youth 
And said, "O seer! what good thing shall I do 
That I may have this endless spirit life? 
For all the words which Moses gave the Jews 
From ray youth up I kept. What lack I yet?' 7 
i; Go sell that which thou hast; give to the poor; 
Then buy tby bliss and be a perfect man." 
But when the young man heard these glorious 

words, 
Through tears he fled; for he was very rich. 
Then Jesus said to those who yet remained, 
'•No rich man entereth a home of bliss." 

A ruler of the Jews now comes by night. 
The ruler said, "Thou hast been sent from God." 
Then Jesus said, ''Ye must be born again; 
For that which lias been born of flesh is flesh; 
And that which has been born of mind is mind: 
For where the wiud doth list it there doth blow; 
Ye know not whence it comes nor where it goes: 
And so are men and nations born of thoughts. 
And they who do the truth they love the light: 
For light doth show their deeds are wrought 
in God." 



"God is a spirit; they that worship him 
Must worship him in spirit and in truth." 



THE COLUMBIAN COSMOPOLITAN. 



Emmaella, 



And is strength only half as strong as beauty? 
The answer shone within a gem so rare, 
A pearl of worth, a loving maiden fair. 
Whose love had taught, whose life had 
wrought, her duty. 
Behold three footprints radiant with delight. 
An orphan, she, she leads an orphan now 
To see the clay that hides his mother's brow. 
While earth shall last this footprint will be 
white. 
And now she walks and works where grows 
the thorn, 
Finds luscious berries for the winter's store. 
And then her ax and arm make forest roar — 
An arm whose loss well might a widow 
mourn. 
How wise the answer of this woman young! 
"O no! no! no! Girls need not be so strong!" 



51 
Clababel. 



from Beauteous France Belle Forrest came, 

A pledge of human love, 
Which Bourbon's name and priestly flame, 

To kill with bondage strove. 
Oh! see the vile oppressor's crime, 

For o'er Atlantic wave, 
Lives no redresser of her time: 

She's dead and has no grave. 

A lover's heart to a father's breast, 

Belle Forrest's mother gave, 
And never thought a child so blest 

Would be refused a grave. 
In civil war the husband fell; 

His wife sleeps by his side, 
And far from them their weeping Belle, 
Of want 'raid churches died. 

A picture of this venal age 

Is painted for all time, 
In which the hero, patriot, sage, 

May well discern the rhyme. 
See beauty's form and wisdom's eye, 

Adorning and adorned. 
Hear virtue's heart bring forth the sigh 

Which every angel mourned. 

«Oh! ob! alas! alas! alas! 

Why must I hunger so! 
E'en beasts tread gently on the grass 

Men stamped a child of woe. 
In all the world is there no place 

To earn what I must use? 
I did my part with every grace 

When I no part could choose ." 

Deep anguish which will shed no tears, 

Displays pure woman's form, 
Above her hopes, above her fears, 

And e'en above the storm. 
"God knows, a woman I've not known, 

Nor man of honor seen." 
As thus she spoke she did not groan; 

She spoke as woman's queen. 

She raised her arm, so rounded, white, 

And partly closed her hand. 
It was her goal's last, best delight, 

To wave a lover's wand. 
'"Good-bye my darling, darling boy! 

I loved yon, oh! too well! 
I have no grave; you have wealth's joy. 

In death I am your Belle." 



52 

She sent one lock of auburn hair, 

Plucked by her dying hand; 
And thus did die this maiden fair, 

Far from her native land. 
This evil, selfish lover heard, 

But heeded not his wife,- 
Unmindful of her dying word 

And a dissector's knife . 



Sons and Sires. 



The morning comes with star of day. 

And breezes with the forest play 

O'er hill and mountain and the vale; 

And while the night with light is pale. 

The farmer rises from his bed 

And meets his work with hand and head. 

And with two hearts which years have wed. 

The lab'rer finds his work at dawn, 
When strolls a dreamer o'er his lawn, 
A poet's soul whose best delight 
Is in pure visions of the night 
And strongest musings of the day — 
In hearing evening's prophets pray, 
And reading history's morning gray. 

The student, clad in robes of white, 
Was waiting for the morning light, 
'Mid cedars, pines, and sycamores, 
Where sleep the farmer's ancestors. 
His brow felt summer's breath so warm, 
From garden, orchard, forest, farm; 
And him with song the sun did charm. 

The sunrise softly pours its rays 
Among that grave-yard's hallowed ways, 
And there amid three rows of graves, 
One flower blooms and tall grass waves, 
While through the balmy morning air, 
Some heavenly music floated there, 
O'er graves, and told of When and Where. 

? Tis When and Where, or Time and Earth, 
That sing the songs of death' and birth, 
And though the evening's sunset glow 
Both cause hope's founts to spring and flow, 
It is in morning's sunrise pure, 
That fame which dared and did endure, 
Will own that it is safe and sure. 



As sunrise shows three generations 7 
Desires and thoughts and venerations, 
As sunrise doth illuminate 
With praise and then calumniate 
That which in day doth seem as night, 
That which in whiteness is not white, 
That which in brightness is not bright; 

So sunrise in the common mind 
Of wandering, erring human kind, 
Shows memories of each and all 
With veneration's funeral. 
And in the bright imagination, 
And in the stronger contemplation, 
E'en graves must lose some veneration. 

Here in this grave three soldiers rest; 
Each soldier's bones upon his breast; 
For one small grave, just and no more, 
War's fate has given to these four, 
Three of whose names must be unknown, 
Save as the world's broad patriots own 
The cause for which these lives were sown. 
But covered we/1 by cedar boughs 
And things as sacred to their vows, 
Three soldiers sleep the warrior's sleep, 
Beneath the breathings loud and deep, 
01 one whose name is not unknown 
To clay of Old Dominion. 

The third of these three generations, 
And last of all these populations, 
That greet the eye this odorous morn, 
And greet the ear with music, torn 
From midnight's vision bright and clear, 
And noonday's musings doubly dear, 
And twilight's watchings with us here: 
The son who latest and who last 
To death from life's short moment passed 
And the old name behind him cast, 
Which worn by earliest ancestor, 
Who slept beneath this sycamore, - 
Is now the common property 
Of all this sire's posterity. 



Note. — The reference to "three soldiers,' 7 
&c, is based upon the re-interment of four Con- 
federate soldiers who were buried at different 
points on and near a farm in Shenandoah 
Co., Va., then owned by Augustin Borden, and 
upon which some fighting was done during the 
W T ar between the States, (1864). The one whose 
name is not unknown, is "B.B.Euqua." 



54 
BUBNS. 

Endurance long has sealed my tongue 
With silence for the base and wrong, 
And ne'er again may breathe the strain 
That in my soul so long has lain. 
The soul of Burns again revives. 
My fancy soars, it digs, it dives. 
Again with hosts my arm now strives, 

Methinks I see, I'm sure I hear 
Earth's legions coming, far and near, 
And as they triumph in their crimes, 
A rustic bard doth meet the times 
With tongue and pen of lovers' kiss - 
With joys and woes of father's bliss,- 
With hopes and fears the patriots miss. 

Be strong, ye brave! Be brave, ye pure! 
Truth's victories alone endure. 
The conquerors of love have known 
Joys hidden from behind the throne 
Where strength's and beauty's king and 

queen, 
With countenances most serene, 
Discourse of worlds and all between. 

When on the Caledonian height 

The Muse of Burns was plumed for flight, 

'Mid regions of the upper air 

And 'mong the virtues, graces, there- 

The armies of the plains below 

For once did seem to catch a glow 

Of hope for error's overthrow. 

The peasants of Auld Scotia's soil, 

Inspired by Muses of King Coil, 

Ne'er fail to greet th'alarming drum. 

And gladden when the foemen come. 

The god of Scotland spoke to them. 

Through lips of Bums. With joy they liymn 

Bard's praises,- tyranny condemn; — 

And scattered over all the earth 

These hardy sons of truth and worth, 

To southern climes bring darling north, 

And mingle with each home and state. 

Which man doth build for time and fate, 

And raptures feel in heavens above, 

Where breath is bliss and life is love. . 



LIST OF PAMPHLETS. 

Prospectus, 5 pages, published 1876, contain- 
ing list of pieces since published, unpublished 
pieces, and a short poem not published else- 
where — "The Christian Home and State." 

Essays and Poems, 11 pages. Essays copy- 
righted in 1872: Health, Education, Religion, 
Culture, Labor, Life — each chapter condensed 
into a sentence and the chapters destroyed; 
Poems copyrighted in 1883: Love and Life, 
Hymn to Wisdom and Liberty, E Pluribus 
Unum, Aurora Victora, A Thinker's Workshop, 
From Youth to Life. 

Student and Tribune, Vol. v., Essays, 42 pa- 
ges:— Government: Methods of Study, "The 
Majesty of the People", Subjection of Wom- 
en, Temperance, Puritanism, Strikes, The 
Curse of the Age, Is there a Remedy?, "The 
Best Government the World ever Saw", Law 
for Man and Law for Thing;— "Law": a syn- 
opsis including its sources, definitions, divis- 
ions, practice theory; — Education: Axioms, 
What is Teaching?, Common School Idolatry, 
Examination of Teachers, School Money, Teach- 
ers and Teaching, Teachers and Superintend- 
ents; — A Freeman's Apprenticeship — Leaf- 
lets from a notebook containing thoughts on 
education, labor, philosophy, religion and lit- 
erature;- Leaflets, continued;- Wanderings 
and Wonderings;- An Open Letter to Subscri- 
bers to "The Tribune of The People";- Extracts 
from Tribune, vol. ii.;- A Yiew of The Situa- 
tion;- Scrawls from the walls of a thiuker's 
workshop. Poems; 12 pages. 

A number of "Tribune" vols i. to iv., from 
4 to 32 pages. 

A Student of English Literature, to contain 
about 25 pages. 



Lemuel Borden, Attorney at Lav, 
Woodstock, Shenandoah County, Virginia, 
Began practice in 1878. Collections, a special- 
ty, and money collected promptly paid over. 
Heeds &c, written. Titles to lands examined. 
Written opinions furnished. Verbal advice 
given. Just claims carefully and energetically 
litigated, and the litigation of unjust claims as 
carefully and energetically hindered or opposed, 
wheu occasions offer. Prompt attention paid 
to Business. Small fees in cash preferred to 
larger ones in promises. Business and Busi- 
ness Correspondence solicited. All letters re- 
quiring answers, answered immediately. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



027 293 693 6 



'Hi 



